Abstract: A method of localizing a near vertical incidence skywave emitter. At a first site a first elevation angle of an incoming signal issued by the near vertical incidence skywave emitter is measured. At a second site a second elevation angle of an incoming signal issued by the near vertical incidence skywave emitter is measured, wherein the second site is different to the first site. The first elevation angle measured and the second elevation angle measured are converted into a first length and a second length respectively, which represent the distance between the respective site and the estimated location of the near vertical incidence skywave emitter. The respective length is processed, thereby generating an estimated area of the near vertical incidence skywave emitter for each of the different sites such that at least two different estimated areas are generated.

Abstract: A method of localizing a near vertical incidence skywave emitter. At a first site a first elevation angle of an incoming signal issued by the near vertical incidence skywave emitter is measured. At a second site a second elevation angle of an incoming signal issued by the near vertical incidence skywave emitter is measured, wherein the second site is different to the first site. The first elevation angle measured and the second elevation angle measured are converted into a first length and a second length respectively, which represent the distance between the respective site and the estimated location of the near vertical incidence skywave emitter. The respective length is processed, thereby generating an estimated area of the near vertical incidence skywave emitter for each of the different sites such that at least two different estimated areas are generated.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for detecting presence of a bidirectional amplifier. At least one radio signal is transmitted by a detection device, the at least one radio signal being a two-tone stimulus. The at least one transmitted radio signal is received by the bidirectional amplifier. The radio signal is processed by the bidirectional amplifier, thereby amplifying the radio signal while generating third order or higher intermodulation products such that an amplified radio signal is generated that includes the third order or higher intermodulation products. The amplified radio signal is transmitted. The amplified radio signal is received by the detection device. The amplified radio signal is analyzed by the detection device, thereby obtaining detection results. Further, a system for detecting presence of a bidirectional amplifier is shown.