Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include an electrical cable apparatus and method for making. The electrical cable apparatus includes a plurality of paired conductive elements, a dielectric jacket formed around the plurality of paired conductive elements, and at least one dielectric film separating the pairs of conductive elements within the dielectric jacket. For example, for an arrangement having four twisted pair of copper wires within an electrically insulating jacket, two dielectric films surround alternating pairs of individually insulated conductor elements. The dielectric film is made of one or more of the following materials: ethylchlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE or HALAR®), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polyolefins, and fluoropolymers including fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP or TEFLON®), perfluoroalkoxy polymers of tetrafluoroethylene and either perfluoropropyl ether (PFA) or perfluoromethylvinyl ether (MFA).

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include an optical energy transmission system, method and apparatus having improved mode coupling. According to embodiments of the invention, an optical energy transmission medium such as an optical fiber includes a plurality of particles formed in one or more coating region layers surrounding the cladding region and/or one or more buffer region layers surrounding the coating region for inducing microbending thereof, thus promoting advantageous mode coupling, which improves bandwidth potential by reducing dispersion. The method for manufacturing the inventive optical energy transmission medium includes forming one or more coating region layers and/or one or more buffer region layers containing particles such as fumed silica in such a way that particles are maintained within the optical energy transmission medium and form controlled perturbations along the optical fiber that enhance mode coupling to the extent that bandwidth of the optical fiber is improved.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include an optical energy transmission system, method and apparatus having improved mode coupling. According to embodiments of the invention, an optical energy transmission medium such as an optical fiber includes bubbles formed therein for inducing microbending of the optical energy transmission medium, thus promoting advantageous mode coupling, which improves bandwidth potential by reducing dispersion. The bubbles are formed, e.g., in one or more buffer region layers and/or at the interface between the coating and buffer regions. The method for manufacturing the inventive optical energy transmission medium includes controllably forming one or more buffer region layers around the coated optical fiber or other transmission medium in such a way that that a desired amount of bubbles is created and maintained within one or more of the buffer region layers and/or at the interface between the coating and buffer regions.