Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparation of 1,4-sorbitan by dehydration of D-sorbitol, wherein one equivalent of water is removed and a cyclization occurs, followed by a treatment with ethanol and isopropanol.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparation of polyoxyethylene 1,4-sorbitan fatty acid ester, such as Polysorbate 80, by a reaction of polyoxyethylene 1,4-sorbitan with a fatty acid chloride, and polyoxyethylene 1,4-sorbitan fatty acid esters obtainable by this method.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparation of 1,4-sorbitan by dehydration of D-sorbitol, wherein one equivalent of water is removed and a cyclization occurs, followed by a treatment with ethanol and isopropanol.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparation of 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid and its methyl ester by conversion of 5-fluoro-2-methylbenzoic acid with fuming nitric acid and oleum and subsequent conversion with methanol.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparation of 5-fluoro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid and its methyl ester by conversion of 5-fluoro-2-methylbenzoic acid with fuming nitric acid and oleum and subsequent conversion with methanol.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparation of 4,6-dichloro-5-nitro-2-(propylthio)pyrimidine by conversion of 5-nitro-2-propylthiopyrimidine-4,6-diol with phosgene in the presence of DMF.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparation of 4,6-dichloro-5-nitro-2-(propylthio)pyrimidine by conversion of 5-nitro-2-propylthiopyrimidine-4,6-diol with phosgene in the presence of DMF.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparation of protected difluoromethylornithine by a difluoromethylation of dibenzaldimine ornithine ester using CHF3 and LiHMDS (lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide), which can be converted to a salt of unprotected difluoromethylornithine by a subsequent deprotection under acidic conditions in the presence of water.

Abstract: A hair treatment composition is described that contains an acetoacetylated compound. The acetoacetylated compound, for instance, can be a bis acetoacetylated compound. In one embodiment, for instance, the acetoacetylated compound comprises a bis acetoacetate or a bis acetoacetamide. In one embodiment, the hair treatment composition can be used to straighten hair. The composition is also well suited for decreasing hair frizz. The acetoacetylated compound is capable of crosslinking hair fibers upon the application of heat.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of L-carnitine, wherein a ?-lactone, which is a 4-(halomethyl)oxetane-2-one, is converted into carnitine with trimethylamine (TMA), wherein the ?-lactone is not subjected to a basic hydrolysis step before being contacted with the trimethylamine. The invention also relates to a carnitine having a unique impurity profile.

Abstract: Enolate salts of 4-fluoro-2-hydroxymethylene-3-oxobutyrates of formula wherein R1 is C1-10 alkyl, R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or fluorine, M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and n is 1 or 2, are prepared from enolate salts of the corresponding 4-fluoro-3-oxobutyrates and carbon monoxide. The enolate salts of formula I can be alkylated or acylated to obtain the corresponding enol ethers and esters. The 4-fluoro-3-oxobutyrate starting material can be prepared from 1,1-difluoroethyl methyl ethers by SbF5-catalyzed fluoromethane elimination followed by halogen exchange with lithium chloride, reacting the thus obtained fluoroacetyl chloride with ketene and quenching with the appropriate alcohol R1—OH.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of L-carnitine, wherein a ?-lactone, which is a 4-(halomethyl)oxetane-2-one, is converted into carnitine with trimethylamine (TMA), wherein the ?-lactone is not subjected to a basic hydrolysis step before being contacted with the trimethylamine. The invention also relates to a carnitine having a unique impurity profile.

Abstract: Enolate salts of 4-fluoro-2-hydroxymethylene-3-oxobutyrates of formula wherein R1 is C1-10 alkyl, R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or fluorine, M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and n is 1 or 2, are prepared from enolate salts of the corresponding 4-fluoro-3-oxobutyrates and carbon monoxide. The enolate salts of formula I can be alkylated or acylated to obtain the corresponding enol ethers and esters. The 4-fluoro-3-oxobutyrate starting material can be prepared from 1,1-difluoroethyl methyl ethers by SbF5-catalyzed fluoromethane elimination followed by halogen exchange with lithium chloride, reacting the thus obtained fluoroacetyl chloride with ketene and quenching with the appropriate alcohol R1—OH.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of L-carnitine, wherein a chiral ?-lactone carnitine precursor is obtained by a [2+2] cycloaddition of ketene with an aldehyde X—CH2—CHO, wherein X is selected from Cl, Br, I and trimethylamine, in the presence of a chiral catalyst.

Abstract: Process for removing hydrogen cyanide from ethanedinitrile by contacting hydrogen cyanide-containing ethanedinitrile with an organic reagent under formation of a covalent bond.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of L-carnitine, wherein a chiral ?-lactone carnitine precursor is obtained by a [2+2] cycloaddition of ketene with an aldehyde X—CH2—CHO, wherein X is selected from Cl, Br, I and trimethylamine, in the presence of a chiral catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of L-carnitine, wherein a ?-lactone, which is a 4-(halomethyl)oxetane-2-one, is converted into carnitine with trimethylamine (TMA), wherein the ?-lactone is not subjected to a basic hydrolysis step before being contacted with the trimethylamine. The invention also relates to a carnitine having a unique impurity profile.

Abstract: Ethynylcyclopropane is prepared in a two-step process by reacting (1,1-dimethoxyethyl)-cyclopropane with a thiol and eliminating the thiol from the intermediate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the selective preparation of acetaldehyde, characterized in that acrolein and one or more ammonium salts dissolved in water are reacted continuously under high pressures and at temperatures of 300-400° C.

Abstract: Process for removing hydrogen cyanide from ethanedinitrile by contacting hydrogen cyanide-containing ethanedinitrile with an organic reagent under formation of a covalent bond.