Abstract: Catalytic processes to produce a reaction product comprising 1-butanol by contacting a reactant comprising ethanol with a catalyst composition under suitable reaction conditions are provided. The catalyst composition may comprise a hydroxyapatite of the Formula (MwM?xM?yM??z)5(PO4)3(OH), wherein M is Mg; M? is Ca; M? is Sr; M?? is Ba; w is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; x is any number from 0 to less than 0.5; y is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; z is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; and w+x+y+z=1. Base-treated catalyst compositions may be used. Also provided are processes for contacting an initial catalyst composition comprising the hydroxyapatite with a base to produce a base-treated catalyst composition, and the base-treated catalyst compositions so obtained.

Abstract: Catalytic processes to produce a reaction product comprising 1-butanol by contacting a reactant comprising ethanol with a catalyst composition under suitable reaction conditions are provided. The catalyst to composition may comprise a hydroxyapatite of the Formula (MwM?xM?yM??z)5(PO4)3(OH), wherein M is Mg; M? is Ca; M? is Sr; M?? is Ba; w is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; x is any number from 0 to less than 0.5; y is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; z is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; and w+x+y+z=1. Base-treated catalyst compositions may be used. Also provided are processes for contacting an initial catalyst composition comprising the hydroxyapatite with a base to produce a base-treated catalyst composition, and the base-treated catalyst compositions so obtained.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed, in a first aspect, to the use of inverting beta-xylosidase enzymes to reduce byproduct formation and increase the yield of fermentation products, as well as, in a second aspect, to the use of retaining beta-xylosidase enzymes to improve production of alkyl-beta-xylopyranoside compounds, in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation reactions.

Abstract: Catalytic processes to produce a reaction product comprising 2-ethylhexanol by contacting a reactant comprising 1-butanol with a catalyst composition under suitable reaction conditions are provided. The catalyst composition may comprise a hydroxyapatite of the Formula (MwM?xM?yM??z)5(PO4)3(OH), wherein M is Mg; M? is Ca; M? is Sr; M?? is Ba; w is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; x is any number from 0 to less than 0.5; y is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; z is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; and w+x+y+z=1. Base-treated catalyst compositions may be used.

Abstract: Catalytic processes to produce a reaction product comprising 2-ethylhexanol by contacting a reactant comprising 1-butanol with a catalyst composition under suitable reaction conditions are provided. The catalyst composition may comprise a hydroxyapatite of the Formula (MwM?xM?yM??z)5(PO4)3(OH), wherein M is Mg; M? is Ca; M? is Sr; M?? is Ba; w is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; x is any number from 0 to less than 0.5; y is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; z is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; and w+x+y+z=1. Base-treated catalyst compositions may be used.

Abstract: Biomass is pretreated using an organic solvent solution under alkaline conditions in the presence of elemental sulfur and optionally one or more alkylamine and/or one or more additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin. Pretreated biomass is further hydrolyzed with a saccharification enzyme consortium. Fermentable sugars released by saccharification may be utilized for the production of target chemicals by fermentation.

Abstract: Catalytic processes to produce a reaction product comprising 1-butanol by contacting a reactant comprising ethanol with a catalyst composition under suitable reaction conditions are provided. The catalyst composition may comprise a hydroxyapatite of the Formula (MwM?xM?yM??z)5(PO4)3(OH), wherein M is Mg; M? is Ca; M? is Sr; M?? is Ba; w is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; x is any number from 0 to less than 0.5; y is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; z is any number between 0 and 1 inclusive; and w+x+y+z=1. Base-treated catalyst compositions may be used. Also provided are processes for contacting an initial catalyst composition comprising the hydroxyapatite with a base to produce a base-treated catalyst composition, and the base-treated catalyst compositions so obtained.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for preparing a compound of Formula 1 wherein L, R1, R2 and X are as defined in the disclosure, comprising contacting a 2 pyrazoline of Formula 2 with bromine at a temperature of at least about 80° C. (Formula 1) (Formula 2). This invention also discloses preparation of a compound of Formula 3 wherein X, Z, R5, R6, R7, R8a, R8b and n are as defined in the disclosure, using a compound of Formula 1a wherein R10 is as defined in the disclosure, prepared by the aforesaid method for preparing a compound of Formula 1. (Formula 3) (Formula 4).

Abstract: Biomass is pretreated using an organic solvent solution under alkaline conditions in the presence of elemental sulfur and optionally one or more alkylamine and/or one or more additional nucleophile to fragment and extract lignin. Pretreated biomass is further hydrolyzed with a saccharification enzyme consortium. Fermentable sugars released by saccharification may be utilized for the production of target chemicals by fermentation.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for preparing a compound of Formula 1 wherein L, R1, R2 and X are as defined in the disclosure, comprising contacting a 2 pyrazoline of Formula 2 with bromine at a temperature of at least about 80° C. (Formula 1) (Formula 2). This invention also discloses preparation of a compound of Formula 3 wherein X, Z, R5, R6, R7, R8a, R8b and n are as defined in the disclosure, using a compound of Formula 1a wherein R10 is as defined in the disclosure, prepared by the aforesaid method for preparing a compound of Formula 1. (Formula 3) (Formula 4).

Abstract: The present invention is related to refrigerant and lubricant compositions containing performance-enhancing additives. The performance enhancing additives are found to improve the energy efficiency and capacity of vapor compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems, which utilize hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants (e.g. HFC-134a ) and oxygenated refrigeration lubricants (e.g. POEs, PAGs and PVEs).

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing a mixture of levulinic acid esters and formic acid esters from biomass and olefins, and the composition prepared therefrom. This invention also relates to usage of the mixture of these esters as fuel and as fuel additives for gasoline fuel, diesel fuel, and biofuel.

Abstract: The present invention is related to refrigerant and lubricant compositions containing performance-enhancing additives. The performance enhancing additives are found to improve the energy efficiency and capacity of vapor compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems, which utilize hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants (e.g. HFC-134a) and oxygenated refrigeration lubricants (e.g. POEs, PAGs and PVEs).

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for the manufacture of anhydro- and dianhydro- hexitols, pentitols, and tetritols by the dehydration of sugar alcohols (alditols) in the presence of a dehydration catalyst and with the assistance of an inert gas sparge.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing a mixture of levulinic acid esters and formic acid esters from biomass and olefins, and the composition prepared therefrom. This invention also relates to usage of the mixture of these esters as fuel and as fuel additives for gasoline fuel, diesel fuel, and biofuel.

Abstract: Secondary alcohols, specifically diols and polyols, are dehydroxylated to the corresponding primary alcohols using a homogeneous organometallic ruthenium complex catalyst.

Abstract: Secondary alcohols, specifically diols and polyols, are dehydroxylated to the corresponding primary alcohols using a homogeneous organometallic ruthenium complex catalyst.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for the manufacture of anhydro- and dianhydro- hexitols, pentitols, and tetritols by the dehydration of sugar alcohols (alditols) in the presence of a dehydration catalyst and with the assistance of an inert gas sparge.