Abstract: The present invention relates relates to a CRISPR-CAS system for a host cell, in particular to a method to produce a circular vector comprising one or more guide-polynucleotide expression cassettes, wherein said one or more guide-polynucleotide expression cassettes comprise a polynucleotide encoding a guide-polynucleotide operably linked to one or more control sequences which direct the expression of said guide-polynucleotide in a host cell, wherein said guide-polynucleotide comprises a guide-sequence that essentially is the reverse complement of a target-polynucleotide in a host cell and wherein the guide-polynucleotide can direct binding of a Cas protein at a target-polynucleotide in a host cell to form a CRISPR-Cas complex, in vivo.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cell which comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a xylose isomerase, wherein the amino acid sequence of the xylose isomerase has at least 75% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 2 and wherein the nucleotide sequence is heterologous to the host. A cell of the invention may be used in a process for producing a fermentation product, such as ethanol. Such a process may comprise fermenting a medium containing a source of xylose with a cell of the invention such that the cell ferments xylose to the fermentation product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a eukaryotic cell that is genetically modified comprising one or more heterologous gene encoding: a) D-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and/or b) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; and/or c) glucose dehydrogenase, gluconolactonase and gluconate kinase, wherein a), b) and glucose dehydrogenase in c) are NAD+ dependent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for producing ethanol from lignocellulosic hydrolysates comprising, hexoses, pentoses and acetic acid, whereby genetically modified yeast cells are use that comprise an exogenous gene encoding an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and a bacterial gene encoding an enzyme with NAD+-linked glycerol dehydrogenase activity. The process is further characterised in that glycerol is present in or fed into the culture medium, whereby the modified yeast cell ferments the hexoses, pentoses, acetic acid and glycerol to ethanol. The invention further relates to yeast cells for use in such processes. The yeast cells advantageously comprise genetic modifications that improve glycerol utilization such as modifications that increase one or more of dihydroxyacetone kinase activity and transport of glycerol into the cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polypeptide having one or more substitution at a position corresponding to position 339 or 376 of SEQ ID NO: 59, wherein the polypeptide is a member of the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS). In an embodiment, the substitution is at position corresponding to 376 and wherein the amino acid at that position is replaced by an amino acid that has a van der Waals volume of 80 to 138 ?3 and a side chain hydrophobicity of 10 to 100 ?tR.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for producing ethanol from lignocellulosic hydrolysates comprising hexoses, pentoses and acetic acid, whereby genetically modified yeast cells are use that comprise an exogenous gene encoding an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and a bacterial gene encoding an enzyme with NAD+-linked glycerol dehydrogenase activity. The process is further characterized in that glycerol is present in or fed into the culture medium, whereby the modified yeast cell ferments the hexoses, pentoses, acetic acid and glycerol to ethanol. The invention further relates to yeast cells for use in such processes. The yeast cells advantageously comprise genetic modifications that improve glycerol utilization such as modifications that increase one or more of dihydroxyacetone kinase activity and transport of glycerol into the cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a yeast cell that is genetically modified comprising: a) a disruption of one or more aldehyde dehydrogenase (E.C:1.2.1.4) native to the yeast; b) one or more nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous NAD+-dependent acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.10); c) one or more nucleotide sequence encoding a homologous or heterologous acetyl-CoA synthetase (E.C. 6.2.1.1); and d) a modification that leads to reduction of glycerol 3-phosphate phosphohydrolase (E.C. 3.1.3.21) and/or glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.8 or E.C. 1.1.5.3) activity, native to the yeast.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cell which comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a xylose isomerase, wherein the amino acid sequence of the xylose isomerase has at least 75% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 2 and wherein the nucleotide sequence is heterologous to the host. A cell of the invention may be used in a process for producing a fermentation product, such as ethanol. Such a process may comprise fermenting a medium containing a source of xylose with a cell of the invention such that the cell ferments xylose to the fermentation product.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cell which comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a xylose isomerase, wherein the amino acid sequence of the xylose isomerase has at least 75% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 2 and wherein the nucleotide sequence is heterologous to the host. A cell of the invention may be used in a process for producing a fermentation product, such as ethanol. Such a process may comprise fermenting a medium containing a source of xylose with a cell of the invention such that the cell ferments xylose to the fermentation product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of one or more fermentation product from a sugar composition, comprising the following steps: a) fermentation of the sugar composition in the presence of a yeast belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Pichia, Schizosaccharomyces, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Schwanniomyces or Yarrowia: and b) recovery of the fermentation product, wherein the yeast comprises the genes araA, araB and araD and the sugar composition comprises glucose, galactose and arabinose.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of one or more fermentation product from a sugar composition, comprising the following steps: a) fermentation of the sugar composition in the presence of a yeast belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Pichia, Schizosaccharomyces, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Schwanniomyces or Yarrowia,: and b) recovery of the fermentation product, wherein the yeast comprises the genes araA, araB and araD and the sugar composition comprises glucose, galactose and arabinose.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cell suitable for production of one or more fermentation product from a sugar composition comprising glucose, galactose, arabinose and xylose, wherein the cell comprises two to fifteen copies of one or more xylose isomerase gene or two to fifteen copies of one or more xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, and two to ten copies of araA, araB and araD, genes, wherein these genes are integrated into the cell genome.

Abstract: Cell that is genetically modified comprising: a) one or more nucleotide sequence encoding a NAD+-dependent acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.10); b) one or more nucleotide sequence encoding a acetyl-CoA synthetase (E.C. 6.2.1.1); c) one or more nucleotide sequence encoding a glycerol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.6); and d) one or more nucleotide sequence encoding a dihydroxyacetone kinase (E.C. 2.7.1.28 or E.C. 2.7.1.29).

Abstract: The invention relates to a polypeptide having one or more substitution at a position corresponding to position 339 or 376 of SEQ ID NO: 59, wherein the polypeptide is a member of the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS). In an embodiment, the substitution is at position corresponding to 376 and wherein the amino acid at that position is replaced by an amino acid that has a van der Waals volume of 80 to 138 ?3 and a side chain hydrophobicity of 10 to 100 ?tR.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cell suitable for production of one or more fermentation product from a sugar composition comprising glucose, galactose, arabinose and xylose, wherein the cell comprises two to fifteen copies of one or more xylose isomerase gene or two to fifteen copies of one or more xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, and two to ten copies of araA, araB and araD, genes, wherein these genes are integrated into the cell genome.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cell capable of converting one or more pentose sugar and one or more hexose sugar into fermentation product constitutively expressing one or more heterologous or homologous polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 20, or a variant polypeptide thereof having at least 45% identity to SEQ ID NO 20. In an embodiment the heterologous polypeptide has glyoxalase activity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the aerobic propagation of yeast wherein the yeast is grown in a reactor, comprising the following steps: a) filling the reactor with carbon source and an initial yeast population, b) optionally growing the initial yeast population in the reactor in batch mode, c) measuring the pH in the reactor, d) adding lignocellulosic hydrolysate to the reactor in fed batch mode at a rate to set the pH in the reactor at a predetermined value, and e) after sufficient propagation, isolation of yeast from the reactor. The invention further relates to yeast propagated according to that propagation process and to a process for the production of fermentation product wherein sugar comprising hexose and pentose is anaerobically fermented to fermentation product with the propagated yeast.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cell suitable for production of one or more fermentation product from a sugar composition comprising glucose, galactose, arabinose and xylose, wherein the cell comprises two to fifteen copies of one or more xylose isomerase gene or two to fifteen copies of one or more xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, and two to ten copies of araA, araB and araD, genes, wherein these genes are integrated into the cell genome.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for producing ethanol from lignocellulosic hydrolysates comprising hexoses, pentoses and acetic acid, whereby genetically modified yeast cells are use that comprise an exogenous gene encoding an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and a bacterial gene encoding an enzyme with NAD+-linked glycerol dehydrogenase activity. The process is further characterised in that glycerol is present in or fed into the culture medium, whereby the modified yeast cell ferments the hexoses, pentoses, acetic acid and glycerol to ethanol. The invention further relates to yeast cells for use in such processes. The yeast cells advantageously comprise genetic modifications that improve glycerol utilization such as modifications that increase one or more of dihydroxyacetone kinase activity and transport of glycerol into the cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polypeptide having a mutation at one or more position corresponding to T219 of SEQ ID NO: 55, wherein the polypeptide has at least 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 55, and wherein the polypeptide has permease activity.