Abstract: A fuel cell in which carbon and water react to form hydrogen or water. The cells utilize electrolyte materials that hold or coordinate water to allow the useful reaction of carbon and water at moderate temperatures without the use of expensive pressure reactors. Activated carbon or carbon recovered from organic waste is used to fuel these cells to produce hydrogen gas or carbon dioxide and power at moderate temperatures and at very low cost.

Abstract: Methods of enhancing the segregation roast through the use of microwave radiation and chloride ions are disclosed. The processes provide means of recovering metals trapped in ores and slags by reaction of these materials with carbon, chloride and water using microwave radiation as the primary energy source. The metals may be present in starting materials such as metallic sulfides, slags, metallic oxides such as laterites, magnetites, iron oxides, silicates and carbonates. The metals are reduced and can be recovered by separation from the gangue. Water, carbon and chloride can be recycled to the reaction to reduce costs.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for the production of hydrogen of high purity suitable for many uses. The hydrogen is produced by the reaction of a carbon-containing compound with water to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide and the subsequent conversion of at least part of that carbon monoxide to hydrogen and carbon dioxide and the removal of the remaining carbon monoxide to produce pure hydrogen. The hydrogen produced is substantially free of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and is suitable for many applications including use in a fuel cell to produce electricity.