Abstract: A pressure vessel includes a first container and a second container surrounding the first container and including a fluid port. The pressure vessel further includes a barrier space extending between the first container and the second container and a leak detection mechanism connected to the fluid port on the second container that is configured to detect a leak in the pressure vessel.

Abstract: An air cycle machine includes a shaft rotatable about a shaft axis, a compressor section and a turbine section operably coupled to the compressor section. The compressor section includes a compressor housing and a compressor rotor connected to the shaft and the turbine section includes a turbine housing and a turbine rotor mounted to the shaft. At least one heat exchanger is positioned within one of the compressor housing and the turbine housing.

Abstract: An air cycle machine includes an outer housing, a first section arranged within the outer housing, and a second section arranged within the outer housing and operably coupled to the first section. The first section includes a first housing and a first rotatable component and the second section includes a second housing and a second rotatable component. At least a portion of a fluid flow path extending between an outlet of the first rotatable component and an inlet of the second rotatable component is arranged within the outer housing.

Abstract: A method of building a heat exchanger includes forming the heat exchanger with layer-by-layer additive manufacturing. A first hollow annulus is formed. A body of the heat exchanger is formed to be integrally connected to and grown upwards from the first hollow annulus. The body includes an exterior wall and a heat exchanger core disposed within the exterior wall. The body defines an interior that is cylindrically shaped with an axis oriented parallel to a direction of gravity. The first annulus is disposed on a gravitational bottom of the body. A second hollow annulus is formed integrally connected to and grown upwards from a gravitational top of the body. Residual powder is removed from a bottom of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a first set of fins, a second set of fins, and an exterior wall. The first set of fins extend radially and are coaxial with each other. The first set of fins forms a first set of channels. The second set of fins extend radially and are coaxial with each other. The second set of fins forms a second set of channels. Channels of the first and second sets of channels are disposed in an alternating pattern in a circumferential direction of the heat exchanger. The first and second sets of fins are integrally formed together. A cross-sectional width of a channel of at least one of the first set of channels and the second set of channels increases as a radial distance from a centerline axis of the heat exchanger increases.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a heat exchanger. The method includes additively manufacturing a first body with a first plurality of passages extending through the first body. Additively manufacturing a second body with a second plurality of passages extending through the second body. The method also includes, interlocking the first body with the second body such that the first plurality of passages is aligned with the second plurality of passages and fluidically connected with the second plurality of passages.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a heat exchanger core. The heat exchanger core includes a plurality of tubes. Each tube of the plurality of tubes includes a first end and a second end and extends from the first end to the second end in a lengthwise direction. Each tube of the plurality of tubes is spaced from adjacent tubes in a height-wise direction and a widthwise direction. The plurality of tubes is stacked to create a concave profile in the height-wise direction and widthwise direction. The concave profile extends in the lengthwise direction.

Abstract: A heat exchange structure includes a primary heat exchange body with a first fluid channel fluidly separated from a second fluid channel by a barrier channel, an inlet manifold in fluid communication with the first fluid channel, and a secondary heat exchange body. The secondary heat exchange body is in fluid communication with the barrier channel, is arranged within the inlet manifold, and fluidly couples the barrier channel to the external environment. Fluid systems and heat exchange methods are also described.

Abstract: A method of building a heat exchanger includes forming the heat exchanger with layer-by-layer additive manufacturing. A first hollow annulus is formed. A body of the heat exchanger is formed to be integrally connected to and grown upwards from the first hollow annulus. The body includes an exterior wall and a heat exchanger core disposed within the exterior wall. The body defines an interior that is cylindrically shaped with an axis oriented parallel to a direction of gravity. The first annulus is disposed on a gravitational bottom of the body. A second hollow annulus is formed integrally connected to and grown upwards from a gravitational top of the body. Residual powder is removed from a bottom of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes first and second fluid circuits. The first fluid circuit is formed by a first set of fins, a first inlet header, and a first outlet header. The first set of fins extend radially and are coaxial with each other. The first inlet header is fluidly connected to and is disposed on an upstream end of the first fins. The first outlet header is fluidly connected to and is disposed on a downstream end of the first fins. The second fluid circuit is formed by a second set of fins, a second inlet header, and a second outlet header. The second fins extend radially and are coaxial with each other. An annular shape of the second inlet header conforms to the circular shape of the first inlet header. An annular shape of the second outlet header conforms to the circular shape of the first outlet header.

Abstract: A method of building a heat exchanger includes forming the heat exchanger with layer-by-layer additive manufacturing. A first hollow annulus is formed. A body of the heat exchanger is formed to be integrally connected to and grown upwards from the first hollow annulus. The body includes an exterior wall and a heat exchanger core disposed within the exterior wall. The body defines an interior that is cylindrically shaped with an axis oriented parallel to a direction of gravity. The first annulus is disposed on a gravitational bottom of the body. A second hollow annulus is formed integrally connected to and grown upwards from a gravitational top of the body. Residual powder is removed from a bottom of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a central spar, a body, and a mounting arm. The central spar is disposed along an axial centerline of the heat exchanger. The body is disposed around the central spar. The body includes an exterior wall and heat exchanger core disposed within the exterior wall and integrally formed with the central spar. The mounting arm is integrally formed with and extends radially from the central spar. The mounting arm extends through a portion of the body and is integrally formed with the central spar via additive manufacturing.

Abstract: A pressure vessel includes a first container and a second container surrounding the first container and including a fluid port. The pressure vessel further includes a barrier space extending between the first container and the second container and a leak detection mechanism connected to the fluid port on the second container that is configured to detect a leak in the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A pressure vessel includes a first container and a second container surrounding the first container and including a fluid port. The pressure vessel further includes a barrier space extending between the first container and the second container and a leak detection mechanism connected to the fluid port on the second container that is configured to detect a leak in the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A pressure vessel includes a first wall defining a container and a second wall surrounding the container defining a cavity between the first wall and the second wall. The pressure vessel also includes a vent in the second wall providing fluid communication between the cavity and an outside of the second wall and matter positioned within the cavity configured to prevent flame from propagating through the cavity while providing thermal conductivity between the first wall and the second wall.

Abstract: A heat exchanger header includes a first stage with a first unit and a second stage with second units. The first unit includes a first branched region, a first common axis, and first fluid channels. Each of the first fluid channels includes a first end and a second end, wherein each of the first fluid channels defines a first spiral path with respect to the first common axis. Each of the second units includes a second branched region, a second common axis, and second fluid channels. Each of the second fluid channels includes a first end and a second end, wherein each of the second fluid channels defines a second spiral path with respect to the second common axis. Each of the second ends of the first fluid channels is connected to one of the second branched regions.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a first plate, a second plate separated from the first plate by a gap, and a first fin disposed across the gap, extending between and connected to each of the first and second plates. The first fin includes a stress concentration element disposed at a location separated from a first junction connecting the first fin to the first plate and a second junction connecting the first fin to the second plate.

Abstract: A vessel includes an exterior container, an interior container, and a support structure. The exterior container is formed by an exterior wall that prevents transmission of a fluid. The interior container is by an interior layer disposed within the exterior container such that the exterior container encapsulates the interior container. The interior layer and the exterior wall are separated by a gap defining a barrier void. The interior layer prevents transmission of a fluid across the interior layer. The support structure is disposed within the barrier void between the exterior wall and the interior layer. The support structure comprises a lattice and is integrally formed with the exterior wall and the interior layer. The support structure is connected to and extends between the exterior wall and the interior layer.

Abstract: A vessel includes first and second portions that are non-permeable to a fluid and a third portion that is permeable to fluid. The first potion defines at least one exterior wall defining an exterior container. The second portion defines at least one interior wall defining an interior container encapsulated by the exterior container. The third portion is positioned between the at least one exterior wall and the at least one interior wall, is integrally formed with the first portion and the second portion, and has a porous structure with non-uniform connected porosity.

Abstract: A method of upgrading a vertical spindle pulverizer includes the steps of removing a cover from a journal opening in a housing of the pulverizer to access a grinding zone of the pulverizer, removing a first journal assembly having a toroidal grinding roll from the pulverizer through the journal opening, removing a plurality of toroidal table segments from a grinding table of the pulverizer, installing a plurality of inclined bull ring segments on the grinding table, installing a second journal assembly having a conical grinding roll in the pulverizer, and replacing the cover over the journal opening. The inclined bull ring segments are configured to register with a grinding surface of the conical grinding roll.