Abstract: The invention provides a solar cell or photovoltaic element 1, which is a layered structure or stack 25, comprising a flexible conductive composite foil 23, including a support material layer foil 23b and a first electrically conductive layer 23a, an oxide layer 28, a crystalline metal-oxide semi-conductor 26 layer 14, a photosensitization material 15, an electrolytic liquid (or other 18 hole conducting medium) 16, a catalyst layer 19, a transparent second electrically conductive layer 18 and transparent flexible substrate 26.

Abstract: Method for dyeing a layer of a nanocrystalline material on a substrate using a liquid dye, comprising the successive steps of (i) providing said layer on a substrate, (ii) providing an apparatus for dyeing said layer, which apparatus comprises at least a supply container for the liquid dye, a closable substrate holder provided with at least one inlet and at least one outlet for a substrate provided with a layer of nanocrystalline material, and conduit and circulation means for causing the liquid dye to circulate through the supply container and the substrate holder, (iii) placing the substrate with said layer in the substrate holder and closing the substrate holder, and providing a liquid dye in the supply container, and (iv) causing the liquid dye from the supply container to circulate for a determined time through the substrate holder, and apparatus for performing this method.