Abstract: Charging control techniques for a vehicle including an engine that drives an alternator configured to charge a battery of the vehicle comprise modeling a fuel consumption of the alternator for each load level across a range of alternator loads using an engine torque model and a set of operating parameters of the engine, determining an energy output from the alternator for each load level across the range of alternator loads, calculating a cost-to-charge metric based on the modeled alternator fuel consumption and the determined alternator energy output for each duty cycle across a range of duty cycles of the alternator, determining an optimal cost-to-charge from the calculated cost-to-charge metrics, determining a target cost-to-charge metric based on a state of charge of the battery, and operating the alternator accordingly at an optimal duty cycle based on the metrics and current engine operating conditions.

Abstract: Charging control techniques for a vehicle including an engine that drives an alternator configured to charge a battery of the vehicle comprise modeling a fuel consumption of the alternator for each load level across a range of alternator loads using an engine torque model and a set of operating parameters of the engine, determining an energy output from the alternator for each load level across the range of alternator loads, calculating a cost-to-charge metric based on the modeled alternator fuel consumption and the determined alternator energy output for each duty cycle across a range of duty cycles of the alternator, determining an optimal cost-to-charge from the calculated cost-to-charge metrics, determining a target cost-to-charge metric based on a state of charge of the battery, and operating the alternator accordingly at an optimal duty cycle based on the metrics and current engine operating conditions.

Abstract: A modular stringed instrument comprising a precision-machined components which are assembled “out of the box” to build an instrument having a desired, reproducible sound is disclosed. The modular design of the stringed instrument allows for complete customization to a player's tastes such as allowing the player to select head stock styles, handedness, neck thicknesses, scale length, body style, and electronics. A custom designed bridge and mounting system allow for analog bridge placement along the mounting plate which can be custom machined to accommodate a players wishes. The placement of the bridge is precision both in forward/back position but also in height and, if desired, in up to six degrees of freedom. Each string height is adjustable as well as integral to the bridge.