Abstract: A data processing apparatus includes circuitry that is configured to: receive, from a second data processing apparatus via a web application, an electronic file comprising audio information encoded in a spatial audio format; output the received electronic file for virtualisation of the audio information encoded in the spatial audio format, the virtualisation comprising changing a number of channels of the audio information to allow playback of the audio information via the web application while retaining a spatial audio effect of the audio information; receive a virtualised version of the electronic file comprising the virtualised audio information; and provide, via the web application, the virtualised version of the electronic file.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for performing optical analyses in a harsh environment are disclosed. Some of the systems and methods of the present disclosure include fluorescence, absorption, and reflectance detection using a drum spectrometer. Other systems and methods of the present disclosure include a measurement channel and a parallel reference channel concurrently filtering optical signals.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for performing optical analyses in a harsh environment are disclosed. Some of the systems and methods of the present disclosure include fluorescence, absorption, and reflectance detection using a drum spectrometer. Other systems and methods of the present disclosure include a measurement channel and a parallel reference channel concurrently filtering optical signals.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure comprising a p-i-n double heterostructure in which a high solubility layer is provided that reduces the diffusion of p-type dopants from a cladding layer into the active region. The high solubility layer is preferably formed between the p-type doped cladding layer and the active region.