Abstract: Herein is presented a positioning, navigation and collision avoidance system for ships, aircraft, land vehicles and the like, which utilizes a geo-referenced digital orthophotograph data-base and a positioning signal to display upon a computer stereo graphics device a high visibility dynamic photographic image of the user's immediate environment, including both moving and stationary obstacles. The position and temporal data along with the geo-referenced elevation data utilized to derive the digital orthophotograph(s) can serve to warn the user of nearby obstacles; and optionally, to implement semi-automatic avoidance. Substituting user generated x-y-z positions and times, the system may be used in a static mode as a flight simulator or a simulator for other modes of transportation. The system may also be used as a mobile Geographic Information Systems decision making tool with the addition of user supplied geo-referenced digital data layers.

Abstract: A device for electrically stimulating the skin in response to an electrical signal includes a flexible substrate on one surface of which is formed an electrically conductive pattern having a number of electrodes. Each of the electrodes is coated with a layer of a corrosion resistive material, such as titanium. An insulating layer extends over this surface of the substrate and has apertures therethrough aligned with the electrodes. A conductive ground plane layer is then applied over the insulating layer and also has apertures therethrough which are aligned with each of the electrodes. The stimulator is placed against the user so that the coated electrodes are in contact with the skin. In response to the received electrical signal, each electrode is sequentially stimulated by a negative and a positive electrical pulse.