Abstract: A vacuum chuck is provided, comprising: a vacuum buffer in fluid communication with a vacuum source, the vacuum buffer being an enclosed volume in the vacuum chuck; a top plate, defining surface features on a first side, and an internal network of distribution channels open to the first side via through holes; and a flow valve configured to control fluid communication between the network of distribution channels and the vacuum buffer. By opening the flow valve, negative pressure is applied from between a substrate disposed on the first side of the top plate through the through holes into the vacuum buffer, thereby flattening the substrate against at least part of the first side of the top plate.

Abstract: A vacuum chuck is provided, comprising: a vacuum buffer in fluid communication with a vacuum source, the vacuum buffer being an enclosed volume in the vacuum chuck; a top plate, defining surface features on a first side, and an internal network of distribution channels open to the first side via through holes; and a flow valve configured to control fluid communication between the network of distribution channels and the vacuum buffer. By opening the flow valve, negative pressure is applied from between a substrate disposed on the first side of the top plate through the through holes into the vacuum buffer, thereby flattening the substrate against at least part of the first side of the top plate.

Abstract: A measuring device is provided having a protective cover and a sensor arranged in the protective cover. The protective cover has a carrier tube made of metal and closed on one end. A first coating made of an aluminum non-wettable material is arranged on an outer surface of the carrier tube, and a further coating made of aluminum-wettable material is applied on the first coating.

Abstract: A measuring device is provided having a protective cover and a sensor arranged in the protective cover. The protective cover has a carrier tube made of metal and closed on one end. A first coating made of an aluminum non-wettable material is arranged on an outer surface of the carrier tube, and a further coating made of aluminum-wettable material is applied on the first coating.

Abstract: A device is provided for measuring the cooling curve of melts and/or the heating curve of melt samples with an optical fiber, wherein an immersion end of the optical fiber having an at least partially free surface is surrounded with a spacing by a temperature-resistant sample-receiving chamber. The optical fiber is immersed with its immersion end in the melt, and a sample is thereby formed in the sample-receiving chamber. The sample-receiving chamber with the sample and the optical fiber are thereafter pulled out of the molten metal. The cooling curve of the sample and/or, after previous solidification of the sample, the temperature profile during heating is measured with reference to a signal obtained by the optical fiber and forwarded to a measurement device.

Abstract: A method is provided for measuring the cooling curve of melts and/or the heating curve of melt samples with an optical fiber, wherein an immersion end of the optical fiber having an at least partially free surface is surrounded with a spacing by a temperature-resistant sample-receiving chamber. The optical fiber is immersed with its immersion end in the melt, and a sample is thereby formed in the sample-receiving chamber. The sample-receiving chamber with the sample and the optical fiber are thereafter pulled out of the molten metal. The cooling curve of the sample and/or, after previous solidification of the sample, the temperature profile during heating is measured with reference to a signal obtained by the optical fiber and forwarded to a measurement device. In addition, a corresponding device is provided for the measuring method.

Abstract: A measuring method is provided for monitoring of aluminum electrolysis cells, together with a corresponding measurement arrangement that includes an immersion sensor. In order to obtain reproducible measurements, the bath electrode of the immersion sensor is arranged on a carrier.

Abstract: A measuring method is provided for monitoring of aluminum electrolysis cells, together with a corresponding measurement arrangement that includes an immersion sensor. In order to obtain reproducible measurements, the bath electrode of the immersion sensor is arranged on a carrier.

Abstract: An immersion sensor is provided for monitoring of aluminum electrolysis cells, together with a corresponding measurement arrangement and a measuring method. In order to obtain reproducible measurements, the bath electrode of the immersion sensor is arranged on a carrier.