Abstract: The invention concerns an apparatus for determining a secondary image angle (20) of a light source (11) on a transparent object (14).

Abstract: The invention concerns an apparatus for determining a secondary image angle (20) of a light source (11) on a transparent object (14).

Abstract: A method for determining a refractive power of a large-surface-area transparent object, such as a windshield, a visual aid, a cockpit glazing, a helmet visor, or the like, includes detecting a first imaging of a first line grating through the transparent object at at least one predetermined point of the object using a camera and determining a line spacing of the first imaging, the rotation of the lines relative to the first line grating or both through use of a computing unit on the basis of the first imaging at the at least one specified point and using the line spacing or rotation of lines to determine the refractive power at the at least one predetermined point of the transparent object.

Abstract: A method for determining a refractive power of a large-surface-area transparent object, such as a windshield, a visual aid, a cockpit glazing, a helmet visor, or the like, includes detecting a first imaging of a first line grating through the transparent object at at least one predetermined point of the object using a camera and determining a line spacing of the first imaging, the rotation of the lines relative to the first line grating or both through use of a computing unit on the basis of the first imaging at the at least one specified point and using the line spacing or rotation of lines to determine the refractive power at the at least one predetermined point of the transparent object.

Abstract: The invention relates to device for measuring the thickness of a transparent sample (2), particularly a glass strip or a glass pane, involving the use of: a first light beam (L1), particularly a first laser beam, which strikes upon the front surface (8) of the sample (2) at a first angle of incidence (?1); a second light beam (L2), particularly a second laser beam, which strikes upon the front surface (8) of the sample (2) at a second angle of incidence (?2), the first angle of incidence (?1) and the second angle of incidence (?2) being different, and; at least one detector (11, 12) for detecting the light beams (L1?, L1?, L2?, L2?) of the first and second incident light beams (L1, L2) reflected by the sample, and for determining the position thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to device for measuring the thickness of a transparent sample (2), particularly a glass strip or a glass pane, involving the use of: a first light beam (L1), particularly a first laser beam, which strikes upon the front surface (8) of the sample (2) at a first angle of incidence (?1); a second light beam (L2), particularly a second laser beam, which strikes upon the front surface (8) of the sample (2) at a second angle of incidence (?2), the first angle of incidence (?1) and the second angle of incidence (?2) being different, and; at least one detector (11, 12) for detecting the light beams (L1?, L1?, L2?, L2?) of the first and second incident light beams (L1, L2) reflected by the sample, and for determining the position thereof.

Abstract: A windshield has a generally upright transparent panel, an array of horizontal and generally parallel heater conductors on the panel and having opposite ends, and respective conductive busses connected to the heater conductors at the opposite ends thereof. Thus electricity can be applied to the busses to pass current through the heater conductors and thereby heat the panel at the array. A pair of generally upright, generally parallel, and horizontally spaced antenna conductors on the panel extend across and connect at crossing locations to the heater conductors and an output conductor is connected electrically to the antenna conductors so that radio-frequency output is taken off the output conductor. The crossing locations of each of the antenna conductors are all located at points of the same potential on the respective heater conductors and the only direct electrical connection between the pair of antenna conductors is through the heater conductors.

Abstract: An acoustically and thermally insulated window structure comprising two outer panes and at least one inner pane with an outer spacer interposed between the outer panes and at least one further spacer defining a gap between inner panes when a plurality of the latter are provided. One of the inner panes is spaced at a predetermined relatively small distance from a corresponding outer pane and a body of moisture-absorbent material is disposed in fluid communication with a space within the inner panes.