Abstract: A system and method for monitoring the concentration of sanitation solutions measures the concentration for a sanitation compound of a sanitation solution to ensure the presence of an effective quantity of the sanitation compound to reduce or eliminate infectious microorganisms from a desired surface. The system includes a concentration monitoring device to measure the concentration of the sanitation solution. This measurement is assessed against a pre-determined sanitizer concentration range using a microcontroller of the concentration monitoring device. If the measured concentration value deviates from the pre-determined sanitizer concentration range, the concentration monitoring device emits a visual or auditory alert to notify any near by persons to address the deviation in concentration.

Abstract: Systems and methods for reducing alteration of a specimen during by charged particle based and other measurements systems are provided. One system configured to reduce alteration of a specimen during analysis includes a vacuum chamber in which the specimen is disposed during the analysis and an element disposed within the vacuum chamber. A surface of the element is cooled such that molecules in the vacuum chamber are adsorbed onto the surface and cannot cause alteration of a characteristic of the specimen during the analysis. One system configured to analyze a specimen includes an analysis subsystem configured to analyze the specimen while the specimen is disposed in a vacuum chamber and an element disposed within the vacuum chamber. A surface of the element is cooled such that molecules in the vacuum chamber are adsorbed onto the surface and cannot cause alteration of a characteristic of the specimen during the analysis.

Abstract: A fuel injector comprises a tube assembly, a stem assembly, and a plurality of sets of piezoelectric elements. The tube assembly includes a seat defining an opening through which fuel enters an internal combustion engine. The stem assembly includes a cap and a stem that are relatively movable with respect to one another. A gap is located between the stem and cap when the stem contiguously engages the seat such that fuel flow through the opening is prevented. A first set of piezoelectric elements moves the cap in response to a first electric field, and a second set of piezoelectric elements moves the first set of piezoelectric elements in response to a second electric field. A sensor measuring the gap compensates the second electric field for physical changes in at least one of the tube and stem assemblies.

Abstract: A fuel injector comprises a tube assembly, a stem assembly, and a plurality of sets of piezoelectric elements. The tube assembly includes a seat defining an opening through which fuel enters an internal combustion engine. The stem assembly includes a cap and a stem that are relatively movable with respect to one another. A gap is located between the stem and cap when the stem contiguously engages the seat such that fuel flow through the opening is prevented. A first set of piezoelectric elements moves the cap in response to a first electric field, and a second set of piezoelectric elements moves the first set of piezoelectric elements in response to a second electric field. A sensor measuring the gap compensates the second electric field for physical changes in at least one of the tube and stem assemblies.

Abstract: A fuel injector comprises a tube assembly, a stem assembly, and a plurality of sets of piezoelectric elements. The tube assembly includes a seat defining an opening through which fuel enters an internal combustion engine. The stem assembly includes a cap and a stem that are relatively movable with respect to one another. A gap is located between the stem and cap when the stem contiguously engages the seat such that fuel flow through the opening is prevented. A first set of piezoelectric elements moves the cap in response to a first electric field, and a second set of piezoelectric elements moves the first set of piezoelectric elements in response to a second electric field. A sensor measuring the gap compensates the second electric field for physical changes in at least one of the tube and stem assemblies.

Abstract: There is disclosed numerous embodiments of a method and apparatus for a particle scanning system and an automatic inspection system. In each of these a particle beam is directed at the surface of a substrate for scanning that substrate. Also included are a selection of detectors to detect at least one of the secondary particles, back-scattered particles and transmitted particles from the substrate. The substrate is mounted on an x-y stage to provide it with at least one degree of freedom while the substrate is being scanned by the/particle beam. The substrate is also subjected to an electric field on it's surface to accelerate the secondary particles. The system also has the capability to accurately measure the position of the substrate with respect to the charged particle beam. Additionally, there is an optical alignment means for initially aligning the substrate beneath the,particle beam means.