Abstract: A system and a method for separation of ions from ions-containing medium is disclosed herein, that utilizes capacitive-faradaic fuel cells (CFFC) particles coated at least partially with catalysts capable of catalyzing redox reactions provided a reductant (fuel) and/or an oxidant, thereby polarizing the particles to more effectively absorb charged species (ions) from the water upon introducing, e.g., H2 gas or O2 gas, in the medium during the adsorption or regeneration. The same concept is utilized in a hybrid electrochemical cell for providing a system and a method for generating and converting electrochemical energy.

Abstract: Provided is a novel Nanofiltration-DiaNanofiltration (NF-DiaNF) system and method for extracting divalent ions from saline water (e.g., seawater) to produce solutions rich in divalent ions (in particular Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42?), while minimizing the concentrations of undesirable species (e.g., Cl?, Br?, B and Na+). The solutions may be added to water (e.g., desalinated, soft, drinking or irrigation water) to enrich the water with divalent ions, thereby improving its quality.

Abstract: Provided is a novel Nanofiltration-DiaNanofiltration (NF-DiaNF) system and method for extracting divalent ions from saline water (e.g., seawater) to produce solutions rich in divalent ions (in particular Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42?), while minimizing the concentrations of undesirable species (e.g., Cl?, Br?, B and Na+). The solutions may be added to water (e.g., desalinated, soft, drinking or irrigation water) to enrich the water with divalent ions, thereby improving its quality.