Abstract: Provided herein are new methods for making a highly stable metal anode (e.g., aluminum ion) battery. The battery includes, in some embodiments, a fluorinated material, for instance FEP or PTFE, as a chemical compatible enclosure which does not react with the electrolyte in the battery. In some examples, the batteries described herein are stable over many cycle lives and also tolerant a highly acidic electrolyte environment, even after long storage times. In some examples, the chemical compatible enclosure includes an inserted tube which allows for the removing of residual water and HCl which may be present in the battery, either as made, during use (e.g., charge-discharge cycling), or after use. Also set forth herein, in some examples, are methods of using a battery, including continuous drawing a vacuum on a battery during battery cycling.

Abstract: A battery assembly is described that comprises at least one battery cell; an inner container; a compression apparatus for sealing the inner container; and an outer container containing the inner container and the compression apparatus.