Abstract: Method as well as resulting electrode and capacitor. The method includes the following process steps: •. in a surface of a metal film substrate, etching microstructures with a predetermined roughness, •. depositing in said microstructures a metal or compound layer, •. converting said metal or compounds layer into metal nanoparticles, constituting a catalyst, •. growing cross linked nanotubes in said microstructures at said metal nanoparticle acting as catalysts.

Abstract: An on-chip supercapacitor has an electrode that includes one-dimensional silicon nano structures coated with a first layer of titanium nitride. The on-chip supercapacitor also includes a second layer of manganese dioxide deposited on the first layer. An associated method of providing an on-chip supercapacitor electrode on a silicon substrate includes providing a plurality of one-dimensional silicon nanostructures on a substrate, coating the one-dimensional silicon nanostructures with a first layer of titanium nitride, and coating a second layer of manganese dioxide onto the first layer.

Abstract: An on-chip supercapacitor having an electrode comprising one-dimensional silicon (Si) nanostructures (3) coated with a first layer (10) of titanium nitride (TiN). It further comprises a second layer (20) of manganese dioxide (MnO2) deposited on the first layer. An associated method is also disclosed.

Abstract: In a method for controlling the flow of a pumpable food product into an apparatus comprising a conveyor belt to which the product is applied and converted from liquid to solid phase, the angle of spreading of the product applied to the conveyor belt is sensed and compared with a predetermined angle of spreading. The flow of product is so controlled that the difference between these angles is reduced. An apparatus for carrying out the method includes a horizontal belt conveyor having a conveyor belt for treating a web or mat of a pumpable product which is applied to the belt and spread over its entire width. A detector senses the angle of spreading of the product on the belt, and a control unit controls the flow of product applied such that the angle of spreading will have a predetermined value.