Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to electrochemical reduction of gasses. In one aspect, a method includes flowing a gas through a reduction device. The gas is carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2). The reduction device reduces the gas and generates a product stream including the gas, hydrogen (H2), and a chemical. The product stream is flowed through a hydrogen removal device. The hydrogen removal device removes hydrogen from the product stream. The product stream with the hydrogen removed is flowed through the gas reduction device.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to a stacked dual cathode device. In one aspect, a device includes an anode chamber and a cathode chamber. The anode chamber includes an anode layer. The cathode chamber includes a first cathode layer and a second cathode layer. The device further includes an ion exchange membrane. The anode layer is in contact with a first side of the ion exchange membrane. A first side of the first cathode layer is in contact with a second side of the ion exchange membrane. The cathode chamber further includes a conductive membrane. A first side of the conductive membrane is in contact with a second side of the first cathode layer and a second side of the conductive membrane is in contact with a first side of the second cathode layer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to electrochemistry. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a light source and a potentiostat. The potentiostat is operable to be connected to an electrochemical cell. A counter electrode connection of the potentiostat is operable to be connected to a photoelectrode of the electrochemical cell. A working electrode connection of the potentiostat is operable to be connected to the working electrode of the electrochemical cell. The light source positioned to illuminate the photoelectrode when the light source is operating. When the apparatus is in operation, the potentiostat is used to bias the photoelectrode to allow for control of the voltage applied to the electrochemical cell, and an intensity of light incident upon the photoelectrode is varied to allow for control of the current applied to the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: Embodiments relate generally to lanthanide nanocrystals as ultraviolet downconverters.

Abstract: Embodiments relate generally to lanthanide nanocrystals as ultraviolet downconverters.