Abstract: A negative ion generator includes a multi-electrode device with an emitter for generating a current. A first counter electrode includes an aperture therein with a distal end of said emitter being operatively positioned within said first counter electrode. A second cylindrical electrode includes an aperture therein with the second counter electrode being spaced a predetermined distance from the first counter electrode and being operatively positioned relative to the emitter for increasing the through-put of the negative ion generator by reducing the total emitted current while maintaining a fairly constant level of available negative ion current.

Abstract: An ozone generator includes a dielectric medium with a single continuous wire electrode forming an active corona element being operatively mounted relative to the dielectric medium. A counter-electrode forms a conducting medium in intimate contact with the dielectric medium. Ozone is produced by applying a high frequency, sinusoidal high voltage circuit that is operatively connected to the single continuous wire and the counter-electrode and supplying a voltage thereto.

Abstract: A negative ion generator includes a multi-electrode device with an emitter for generating a current. A first counter electrode includes an aperture therein with a distal end of said emitter being operatively positioned within said first counter electrode. A second cylindrical electrode includes an aperture therein with the second counter electrode being spaced a predetermined distance from the first counter electrode and being operatively positioned relative to the emitter for increasing the through-put of the negative ion generator by reducing the total emitted current while maintaining a fairly constant level of available negative ion current.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to laser apparatuses for generating coherent electromagnetic laser radiation having an electron beam generator, a diffraction grating element oriented such that a beam of electrons from the electron beam generator is directed over the diffraction grating element, and at least one wing element coupled to the diffraction grating element. In some embodiments, the wing element(s) can be coupled to a top portion of the diffraction grating element. While in others, the wing element(s) can be coupled to a side portion of the diffraction grating element. The present disclosure is also directed to methods of manufacturing diffraction grating elements involving placing at least one secondary conducting sheet having a first height on at least one primary conductive sheet having a different second height, and securing the primary and secondary conductive sheets together. The primary and secondary conductive sheets can be alternating and their thicknesses may also be different.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to laser apparatuses for generating coherent electromagnetic laser radiation having an electron beam generator, a diffraction grating element oriented such that a beam of electrons from the electron beam generator is directed over the diffraction grating element, and at least one wing element coupled to the diffraction grating element. In some embodiments, the wing element(s) can be coupled to a top portion of the diffraction grating element. While in others, the wing element(s) can be coupled to a side portion of the diffraction grating element. The present disclosure is also directed to methods of manufacturing diffraction grating elements involving placing at least one secondary conducting sheet having a first height on at least one primary conductive sheet having a different second height, and securing the primary and secondary conductive sheets together. The primary and secondary conductive sheets can be alternating and their thicknesses may also be different.

Abstract: The apparatus described is intended for the treatment of small volumes of room air for the removal of odors. Since the ozone output of the apparatus is calibrated in terms of the readily measured corona current, this type of apparatus can be intelligently applied to odor control problems. If the volume to be treated is known, then the output in mg/hr necessary to produce ozone backgrounds of 0.04 ppm and below can be readily computed. Such concentrations are comparable to the natural background and generally acceptable for continuous human occupation.

Abstract: A beam analyzing system using a point scattering detector in conjunction with the standard secondary electron collector and imaging system of a scanning electron microscope. The detector consists of a sharp metal (preferably tungsten) tip located centrally in a biased aperture assembly mounted in the specimen stage. By scanning the image within the aperture and collecting the secondary electrons scattered from a controlled region of the tip, the electron beam intensity can be obtained and reconstructed on a display screen.