Abstract: A transformer or coupled inductor with any arbitrary turns ratio (for example, non-integral), and optionally with multiple secondary windings, has primary and secondary windings interleaved on the same winding layer, preferably around a magnetically permeable or an air core. This is capable of giving optimum magnetic coupling, minimum leakage fields and negligible proximity effect losses. The electrical turns ratio is determined by series or parallel, or combination series-parallel, connections of the physical turns of each winding.

Abstract: Apparatus 1 for non-invasive quantitative measurement of a substance in living tissue, the apparatus comprising an electromagnetic radiation emitter 5 to contact a patient's skin, tissue or organ 6, first radiation detector 3 spaced from the radiation emitter 5, and which is also to contact the skin, tissue or organ 6, and second radiation detector 2 which is spaced from the radiation emitter 5 by a distance greater than the spacing between the first radiation detector 3 and the radiation emitter 5, and is to contact the skin, tissue or organ 6. Electrical output signals are produced dependent on the intensity of the radiation detected by the radiation detectors and processed to obtain a value for the concentration of the substance in living tissue.

Abstract: A disc machine has a stator from which teeth and a central boss project axially in the same direction with the central boss projecting beyond the teeth. An AC winding is wound through the slots between the teeth while a DC winding surrounds the central boss. A bar-like rotor has a central aperture and is mounted for rotation so that the boss passes through the central aperture with an axial gap between the rotor and the teeth.