Abstract: Dyestuff compositions are provided which incorporate, as the grinding aid and/or dispersant therefor, amine modified lignin admixed with sulfonated lignin. The disclosed dyestuff compositions exhibit improved heat stability and, as a result of the higher activity of the dispersant mixture of amine modified lignin blended with sulfonated lignin, less dispersant is present in the exhaust liquor and waste treatment demands are thereby reduced. The improved package dyeing grinding aid/dispersant of the invention is prepared by mixing an amine modified lignin with a sulfonated lignin.

Abstract: Improved dyestuff compositions comprising a dye cake and a dye dispersant are disclosed wherein the dye dispersant comprises sulfonated or sulfomethylated lignin of increased activity and improved heat stability properties and which dispersants are disclosed to be prepared by substantial removal of the low molecular weight component of the sulfonated and sulfomethylated lignin. Exclusion of the low molecular weight portion of the dispersant may be accomplished by fractionation of the sulfonated or sulfomethylated lignin to remove a substantial portion of the molecules having a molecular weight below 3,000. Alternatively, in the case of lignin recovered from sulfate or soda wood pulping processes, the lignin may be fractionated to remove a substantial portion of the molecules having a molecular weight below 3,000 prior to sulfonation or sulfomethylation.

Abstract: Dyestuff compositions are provided which incorporate amine modified sulfonated lignins. The disclosed dyestuff compositions exhibit improved heat stability and, as a result of the higher activity of the amine modified sulfonated lignin, less dispersant is present in the exhaust liquor and waste treatment demands are thereby reduced. The presence of tertiary amine groups in sulfonated kraft, sulfomethylated kraft, and sulfite lignins provide dispersants with package dyeing heat stabilities significantly better than those of the unmodified lignins. The improved package dyeing grinding aid/dispersant of the invention is prepared by reacting sulfonate lignin with a secondary amine using formaldehyde and alkaline conditions.

Abstract: Improved dyestuff compositions comprising a dye cake and a dye dispersant are disclosed wherein the dye dispersant comprises sulfonated or sulfomethylated lignin of increased activity and improved heat stability properties and which dispersants are disclosed to be prepared by substantial removal of the low molecular weight component of the sulfonated and sulfomethylated lignin. Exclusion of the low molecular weight portion of the dispersant may be accomplished by fractionation of the sulfonated or sulfomethylated lignin to remove a substantial portion of the molecules having a molecular weight below 3,000. Alternatively, in the case of lignin recovered from sulfate or soda wood pulping processes, the lignin may be fractionated to remove a substantial portion of the molecules having a molecular weight below 3,000 prior to sulfonation or sulfomethylation.

Abstract: Improved dyestuff compositions comprising a dye cake and a dye dispersant are disclosed wherein the dye dispersant comprises sulfonated or sulfomethylated lignin of increased activity and improved heat stability properties and which dispersants are disclosed to be prepared by substantial removal of the low molecular weight component of the sulfonated and sulfomethylated lignin. Exclusion of the low molecular weight portion of the dispersant may be accomplished by fractionation of the sulfonated or sulfomethylated lignin to remove a substantial portion of the molecules having a molecular weight below 3,000. Alternatively, in the case of lignin recovered from sulfate or soda wood pulping processes, the lignin may be fractionated to remove a substantial portion of the molecules having a molecular weight below 3,000 prior to sulfonation or sulfomethylation.

Abstract: A sulfonated lignin composition suitable for use as an additive in other chemical compositions and processes having improved solubility in aqueous medium at varying pH levels, and a method of producing such sulfonated water-soluble lignin products by reaction of an unsulfonated or a sulfonated starting lignin compound with sulfuric acid having a concentration of at least about 95%, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction below 40.degree. C. for a sufficient time to sulfonate the same. Sulfuric acid sulfonation increases the organically bound sulfonic acid content of the starting lignin compound at least about 1.7 moles sulfonic acid per mole of lignin, while providing water-solubility of the product at a wide range of pH levels.

Abstract: A sulfonated lignin composition suitable for use as an additive in other chemical compositions and processes having essentially complete water solubility in aqueous medium at all pH levels, and a method of producing such sulfonated water-soluble lignin products by reaction of an unsulfonated or a sulfonated starting lignin compound with oleum, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction below 40.degree. C. for a sufficient time to sulfonate the same. Oleum sulfonation provide an increases the organically bound sulfonic acid content of the starting lignin compound of at least about 4.2 moles sulfonic acid per mole of lignin, while providing essentially complete water solubility of the product at all pH levels.

Abstract: A sulfonated lignin composition suitable for use as an additive in other chemical compositions and processes having essentially complete water solubility in aqueous medium at all pH levels, and a method of producing such sulfonated water-soluble lignin products by reaction of an unsulfonated or a sulfonated starting lignin compound with oleum, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction below 40.degree. C. for a sufficient time to sulfonate the same. Oleum sulfonation provide an increases the organically bound sulfuonic acid content of the starting lignin compound of at least about 4.2 moles sulfonic acid per mole of lignin, while providing essentially complete water solubility of the product at all pH levels.

Abstract: A sulfonated lignin composition suitable for use as an additive in other chemical compositions and processes having improved solubility in aqueous medium at varying pH levels, and a method of producing such sulfonated water-soluble lignin products by reaction of an unsulfonated or a sulfonated starting lignin compound with sulfuric acid having a concentration of at least about 95%, while maintaining the temperature of the reaction below 40.degree. C. for a sufficient time to sulfonate the same. Sulfuric acid sulfonation increases the organically bound sulfonic acid content of the starting lignin compound at least about 1.7 moles sulfonic acid per mole of lignin, while providing water-solubility of the product at a wide range of pH levels.

Abstract: A method of producing a sulfated lignin comprising the steps of dissolving lignin in an aqueous alkaline solution, adding an organic amine-sulfur trioxide complex to the dissolved lignin, and reacting the amine-sulfur trioxide complex with the lignin under conditions to sulfate the same.

Abstract: A carbon black composition comprising carbon black and a lignin dispersant prepared by the steps of methylolating a lignin compound by reaction of less than about 2 moles formaldehyde per 1,000 grams of the lignin, and sulfonating the methylolated lignin by reaction from about 2.5 to 3.5 moles of the sulfite or bisulfite compound per 1,000 grams of lignin at an initial reaction pH of below about 6.6 and at a temperature of at least about 170.degree. C., while allowing the pH of the reaction mixture to rise to a final pH of greater than 7.5 to sequentially sulfomethylate the aromatic nucleus and sulfonate the side chain of the lignin.

Abstract: A method of producing a lignin dispersant composition comprising the steps of methylolating a lignin compound by reaction of less than about 2 moles formuladehyde per 1,000 grams of the lignin, and sulfonating the methylolated lignin by reaction from about 2.5 to 3.5 moles of the sulfite or bisulfite compound per 1,000 grams of lignin at an initial reaction pH of below about 6.6 and at a temperature of at least about 170.degree. C., while allowing the pH of the reaction mixture to rise to a final pH of greater than 7.5 to sequentially sulfomethylate the aromatic nucleus and sulfonate the side chain of the lignin.The products of the method find particular use as dispersants in dye compositions and carbon black compositions with lower viscosity and extended shelf-life storage of the composition.

Abstract: A method of producing a lignin by-product of the black liquor residue of a kraft pulping process having improved water-solubility in amine salt form wherein the lignin precipitate of the black liquor residue is water-wash purified and maintained at moderately acid pH of no lower than about 5. The lignin may then be combined in aqueous slurry with an organic amine, such as monoethanolamine, to provide a highly stable aqueous solution of the amine salt of the lignin. The water-soluble lignin salt is particularly suited for use as an additive in water-based pigment printing compositions. The lignin amine salt functions as a grinding agent for the pigment in formulating and as a binder for the pigment in the printing process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the production of a sulfomethylated lignin amine salt from the lignin by-product of the black liquor residue of a kraft pulping process and the use of lignin amine salts as additives in other chemical compositions. The lignin amine salt is produced by precipitating lignin from the block liquor and reacting the precipitated lignin slurry with formaldehyde. Thereafter, the lignin slurry is acidified to a pH of about 2 to 3 and water-washed to remove inorganic salts and other impurities therefrom. The washed methylolated lignin is reacted with an organic amine and a sulfur-oxygen-containing compound, such as sulfur dioxide to form the sulfomethylated lignin amine salt.The sulfomethylated lignin amine salt products are disclosed as an additive in dyestuff and printing ink compositions, as well as a sequestrant in pesticide compositions, with improved results over certain lignin salts heretofore employed as additives in such compositions.

Abstract: An improved method of producing methylolated lignins from the black liquor residue of a kraft wood-pulping process, which methylolated lignins may be further employed in other chemical reactions, such as in the production of sulfomethylated lignin salts suited for use as dyestuff dispersants, comprising the steps of oxidizing the black liquor residue of a kraft wood-pulping process containing lignin, organic, and inorganic salts, treating the black liquor residue with an aldehyde to methylolate the lignin therein, lowering the pH of the black liquor residue to precipitate the lignin therefrom, and isolating and recovering the methylolated lignin for subsequent chemical reactions. The black liquor residue of the kraft pulping process is oxidized, before methylolation of the lignin therein, to reduce the presence of sodium sufide in the black liquor residue to about 1 percent or less.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the production of a sulfomethylated lignin amine salt from the lignin by-product of the black liquor residue of a kraft pulping process and the use of lignin amine salts as additives in other chemical compositions. The lignin amine salt is produced by precipitating lignin from the black liquor and reacting the precipitated lignin slurry with formaldehyde. Thereafter, the lignin slurry is acidified to a pH of about 2 to 3 and water-washed to remove inorganic salts and other impurities therefrom. The washed methylolated lignin is reacted with an organic amine and a sulfur-oxygen-containing compound, such as sulfur dioxide to form the sulfomethylated lignin amine salt.The sulfomethylated lignin amine salt products are disclosed as an additive in dyestuff and printing ink compositions, as well as a sequestrant in pesticide compositions, with improved results over certain lignin salts heretofore employed as additives in such compositions.

Abstract: A method of producing an amine-containing salt of a sulfonated lignin compound which may be effectively spray-dried for use in dry form comprising the steps of methylolating a lignin at an alkaline pH, lowering the pH of the methylolated lignin to precipitate the lignin, washing the precipitated lignin at an acid pH to remove impurities, sulfonating the methylolated lignin in the presence of a sulfur-oxygen-containing compound, an amine compound, and ammonium hydroxide and/or ammonium sulfite or bisulfite to produce an amine/ammonium salt thereof, and heating and spray-drying the sulfonated lignin amine/ammonium salt to effectively evaporate ammonia therefrom to produce the sulfonated lignin amine-containing salt in dry form.

Abstract: An improved composition for use as a dispersant in azo dye systems contaminated with soluble copper impurities comprising an amine lignosulfonate salt and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Preferably, the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid is employed in an amount of about 1 to about 4 moles per each molar amount of the copper present in the system, per 1,000 grams of the lignosulfonate. Also disclosed is an improved azo dye system containing an amine lignosulfonate salt and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and an improved method of dyeing materials with copper-contaminated dye systems containing azo dyestuffs and lignosulfonate salts wherein the azo dye reduction effect is alleviated by utilizing as the lignosulfonate salt an amine salt thereof, together with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Abstract: A method of producing a lignin by-product of the black liquor residue of a kraft pulping process having improved water-solubility in amine salt form wherein the lignin precipitate of the black liquor residue is water-wash purified and maintained at moderately acid pH of no lower than about 5. The lignin may then be combined in aqueous slurry with an organic amine, such as monoethanolamine, to provide a highly stable aqueous solution of the amine salt of the lignin. The water-soluble lignin salt is particularly suited for use as an additive in water-based pigment printing compositions. The lignin amine salt functions as a grinding agent for the pigment in formulating and as a binder for the pigment in the printing process.

Abstract: An improved method of producing sodium salts of low electrolyte-containing lignosulfonates suited for use as dye and print paste additives, comprising the steps of (1) methylolating a sodium salt of a lignin compound in an alkaline aqueous medium by the addition of a suitable methylolating component, such as formaldehyde, (2) adding sulfur dioxide to the methylolated lignin in aqueous medium to lower the pH of the lignin to a pH of between about 6.1 to 6.3, (3) heating the resultant aqueous composition containing the methylolated lignin to sulfonate the same by reaction with a sulfur-containing compounds present therein.Resultant sodium salt lignosulfonate products suitable as additives in dyestuffs and dyestuff compositions containing such additives are disclosed.