Abstract: An equalisation arrangement compensates for multipath phase and amplitude distortion effects in a transmission channel by first measuring such distortion effects as they occur over time in a calibration phase, thereby obtaining phase and amplitude compensation factors, then applying these factors to a correcting circuit situated in the signal path of the receiver at the appropriate times during a subsequent data transmission phase. Calibration is achieved by feeding a received calibration signal to an amplifier, preferably a successive detection logarithmic amplifier (26), comparing the phase of the limited linear output of the logarithmic amplifier with a delayed version of itself (30, 28), and using the amplitude information (39) in the logarithmic output (72) of the logarithmic amplifier (26) and the phase-change information (35) resulting from the phase comparison to compute the phase and amplitude compensation coefficients.

Abstract: A modulator for digital modulation is described to produce a modulated output from a voltage controlled oscillator in a phase locked loop during transmission of a random modulating input. The input voltage is applied to a coupling capacitor and when transmission ceases, the state of charge on the capacitor will not change because of a biasing circuit which comprises two resistors fed by a tri-state buffer which holds the input terminal of the capacitor at the average level between logic zero and logic one when no modulation is applied.

Abstract: A true logarithmic amplifier including a gain controlled amplifier having an RF signal input and a gain control input and a successive detection logarithmic amplifier having an RF signal input and a video output connected to the gain control input.

Abstract: A quadrature signal generator is provided which includes a voltage dependent resistance capacitance phase-shifting network (12) and a phase detector (26) for detecting any difference, from 90.degree., between the phases of the in-phase and quadrature phase signals (2, 24) generated by the network (12) and for producing a control signal in dependence upon such difference. The control signal is applied to the network (12) to vary the phase-shifting characteristic thereof to restore and maintain the 90.degree. phase difference.

Abstract: A mixer receives a frequency shift keyed (FSK) radio signal having two transmission frequencies and mixes the radio signal with a first or a second local oscillator signal from a local oscillator to provide a mixed signal. The mixed signal lies within a high or low band of frequencies depending upon the frequency of the FSK signal and upon the local oscillator signal received by the mixer. A detector receives the mixed signal and detects in which band of frequencies the mixed signal lies, and generates a switching signal in dependence upon the band of frequencies in which the mixed signal lies. If the FSK signal changes to a different transmission frequency and this causes the mixed signal to lie in the low band of frequencies, then a switching signal is generated which switches the local oscillator such that the oscillator generates a different local oscillator signal which causes the mixed signal to shift to the high band of frequencies.