Abstract: The invention concerns methods of determining the state of charge of a half-cell within a redox flow battery, the method comprising: (i) measuring the rate of change in equilibrium half-cell reduction potential of the electrolyte as charge is passed into the electrolyte solution within the cell; and (ii) correlating said rate of change in equilibrium half-cell reduction potential with the state of charge of said half-cell. Other aspects of the invention concern balancing the state of charge of a flow battery and methods of calibrating an oxidation/reduction probe.

Abstract: The invention concerns methods of determining the state of charge of a half-cell within a redox flow battery, the method comprising: (i) measuring the rate of change in equilibrium half-cell reduction potential of the electrolyte as charge is passed into the electrolyte solution within the cell; and (ii) correlating said rate of change in equilibrium half-cell reduction potential with the state of charge of said half-cell. Other aspects of the invention concern balancing the state of charge of a flow battery and methods of calibrating an oxidation/reduction probe.

Abstract: Improved electron beam sterilization apparatus and shielding techniques for use in are provided. A controller modulates an electron beam when sterilizing an interior to an object to ensure that adequate dose is received. Sterilization carousels are configured with input/discharge feeds to reduce the possibility of humans being exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. The system reduces the amount of shielding required to thereby lower cost of installation.

Abstract: Improved electron beam sterilization apparatus and shielding techniques for use in are provided. A controller modulates an electron beam when sterilizing an interior to an object to ensure that adequate dose is received. Sterilization carousels are configured with input/discharge feeds to reduce the possibility of humans being exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. The system reduces the amount of shielding required to thereby lower cost of installation.

Abstract: Improved electron beam sterilization apparatus and shielding techniques for use in are provided. A controller modulates an electron beam when sterilizing an interior to an object to ensure that adequate dose is received. Sterilization carousels are configured with input/discharge feeds to reduce the possibility of humans being exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. The system reduces the amount of shielding required to thereby lower cost of installation.

Abstract: Improved electron beam sterilization apparatus and shielding techniques for use in are provided. A controller modulates an electron beam when sterilizing an interior to an object to ensure that adequate dose is received. Sterilization carousels are configured with input/discharge feeds to reduce the possibility of humans being exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. The system reduces the amount of shielding required to thereby lower cost of installation.

Abstract: Improved electron beam sterilization apparatus and shielding techniques for use in are provided. A controller modulates an ebeam when sterilizing an interior to an object to ensure that adequate dose is received. Sterilization carousels are configured with input/discharge feeds to reduce the possibility of humans being exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. The system reduces the amount of shielding required to thereby lower cost of installation.

Abstract: An automated test system is provided for evaluating characteristics of photoreceptors used in the electrophotographic process. The test system includes a retainer for holding the photoreceptor, typically in the form of a cylinder or drum, high voltage power supplies, a charging device, light sources, and non-contact electrostatic surface potential probes, the entirety of the test system enclosed in a light-proof cabinet. A control unit responsive to user defined parameters automatically performs tests for drum substrate surface cleanliness, photoreceptor layer thickness, physical defects, and electrophotographic properties. Linear and circular scanning and fixed adaptable systems are shown.