Abstract: A method of determining a disinfectant composition of a municipal water supply from a water sample that includes: (a) obtaining a water sample from a water source at a sampling location; (b) adding a chlorine-containing material to the water sample in the presence of an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) measurement device; (c) generating a plurality of ORP measurements during addition of the chlorine-containing material to the water sample; (d) estimating a concentration of one or more of free ammonia, fully combined ammonia, monochloramine, or a mixture of dichloroamine and trichloroamine in the water sample in which the estimation is derived from the relationship between the added chlorine material and the plurality of ORP measurements; and (e) determining a disinfectant composition of the water source at the water sampling location from the concentration calculation. A method of determining free ammonia composition is also included.

Abstract: A system for reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds which includes: a water-storage tank having a tank containing water, a roof positioned over the tank, and a headspace region formed between the roof and a surface of the water contained in the tank; an air exchange system positioned at least partially in the headspace region that is configured to exchange air exterior to the tank with air inside the tank; and a water conveyance device located at least partially in the water of the water-storage tank and which is configured to convey water in a manner that produces a surface flow velocity. A method reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds is also included.

Abstract: A method of determining a disinfectant composition of a municipal water supply from a water sample that includes: (a) obtaining a water sample from a water source at a sampling location; (b) adding a chlorine-containing material to the water sample in the presence of an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) measurement device; (c) generating a plurality of ORP measurements during addition of the chlorine-containing material to the water sample; (d) estimating a concentration of one or more of free ammonia, fully combined ammonia, monochloramine, or a mixture of dichloramine and trichloramine in the water sample in which the estimation is derived from the relationship between the added chlorine material and the plurality of ORP measurements; and (e) determining a disinfectant composition of the water source at the water sampling location from the concentration calculation. A method of determining free ammonia composition is also included.

Abstract: A system for reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds which includes: a water-storage tank having a tank containing water, a roof positioned over the tank, and a headspace region formed between the roof and a surface of the water contained in the tank; an air exchange system positioned at least partially in the headspace region that is configured to exchange air exterior to the tank with air inside the tank; and a water conveyance device located at least partially in the water of the water-storage tank and which is configured to convey water in a manner that produces a surface flow velocity. A method reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds is also included.

Abstract: A method of determining a disinfectant composition of a municipal water supply from a water sample that includes: (a) obtaining a water sample from a water source at a sampling location; (b) adding a chlorine-containing material to the water sample in the presence of an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) measurement device; (c) generating a plurality of ORP measurements during addition of the chlorine-containing material to the water sample; (d) estimating a concentration of one or more of free ammonia, fully combined ammonia, monochloramine, or a mixture of dichloramine and trichloramine in the water sample in which the estimation is derived from the relationship between the added chlorine material and the plurality of ORP measurements; and (e) determining a disinfectant composition of the water source at the water sampling location from the concentration calculation. A method of determining free ammonia composition is also included.

Abstract: A system for reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds which includes: a water-storage tank having a tank containing water, a roof positioned over the tank, and a headspace region formed between the roof and a surface of the water contained in the tank; an air exchange system positioned at least partially in the headspace region that is configured to exchange air exterior to the tank with air inside the tank; and a water conveyance device located at least partially in the water of the water-storage tank and which is configured to convey water in a manner that produces a surface flow velocity. A method reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds is also included.

Abstract: A system for reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds which includes: a water-storage tank having a tank containing water, a roof positioned over the tank, and a headspace region formed between the roof and a surface of the water contained in the tank; an air exchange system positioned at least partially in the headspace region that is configured to exchange air exterior to the tank with air inside the tank; and a water conveyance device located at least partially in the water of the water-storage tank and which is configured to convey water in a manner that produces a surface flow velocity. A method reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds is also included.

Abstract: A system for reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds which includes: a water-storage tank having a tank containing water, a roof positioned over the tank, and a headspace region formed between the roof and a surface of the water contained in the tank; an air exchange system positioned at least partially in the headspace region that is configured to exchange air exterior to the tank with air inside the tank; and a water conveyance device located at least partially in the water of the water-storage tank and which is configured to convey water in a manner that produces a surface flow velocity. A method reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds is also included.

Abstract: Devices are provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in a liquid-containing storage tank (e.g. water-storage tank). The devices include a first fluid flow path that is physically isolated from a second fluid flow path and a convection device for moving a first fluid along the first fluid flow path toward at a desired destination and for exhausting the first fluid at the desired destination at a desired velocity. Methods are also provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in liquid-containing storage tanks (e.g. water-storage tanks). The methods involve blowing a first fluid through a ventilation device into a liquid-containing storage device at a velocity sufficient to achieve a desired mass transfer rate of volatile chemicals from the liquid in the liquid-containing storage device to air in the headspace and flowing the contaminated air back through the ventilation device.

Abstract: A method of determining a disinfectant composition of a municipal water supply from a water sample that includes: (a) obtaining a water sample from a water source at a sampling location; (b) adding a chlorine-containing material to the water sample in the presence of an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) measurement device; (c) generating a plurality of ORP measurements during addition of the chlorine-containing material to the water sample; (d) estimating a concentration of one or more of free ammonia, fully combined ammonia, monochloramine, or a mixture of dichloramine and trichloramine in the water sample in which the estimation is derived from the relationship between the added chlorine material and the plurality of ORP measurements; and (e) determining a disinfectant composition of the water source at the water sampling location from the concentration calculation. A method of determining free ammonia composition is also included.

Abstract: Devices are provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in a liquid-containing storage tank (e.g. water-storage tank). The devices include a first fluid flow path that is physically isolated from a second fluid flow path and a convection device for moving a first fluid along the first fluid flow path toward at a desired destination and for exhausting the first fluid at the desired destination at a desired velocity. Methods are also provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in liquid-containing storage tanks (e.g. water-storage tanks). The methods involve blowing a first fluid through a ventilation device into a liquid-containing storage device at a velocity sufficient to achieve a desired mass transfer rate of volatile chemicals from the liquid in the liquid-containing storage device to air in the headspace and flowing the contaminated air back through the ventilation device.

Abstract: Devices are provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in a liquid-containing storage tank (e.g. water-storage tank). The devices include a first fluid flow path that is physically isolated from a second fluid flow path and a convection device for moving a first fluid along the first fluid flow path toward at a desired destination and for exhausting the first fluid at the desired destination at a desired velocity. Methods are also provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in liquid-containing storage tanks (e.g. water-storage tanks). The methods involve blowing a first fluid through a ventilation device into a liquid-containing storage device at a velocity sufficient to achieve a desired mass transfer rate of volatile chemicals from the liquid in the liquid-containing storage device to air in the headspace and flowing the contaminated air back through the ventilation device.

Abstract: A system for reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds which includes: a water-storage tank having a tank containing water, a roof positioned over the tank, and a headspace region formed between the roof and a surface of the water contained in the tank; an air exchange system positioned at least partially in the headspace region that is configured to exchange air exterior to the tank with air inside the tank; and a water conveyance device located at least partially in the water of the water-storage tank and which is configured to convey water in a manner that produces a surface flow velocity. A method reducing an amount of volatile organic compounds is also included.

Abstract: A water storage tank includes: a tank containing water; a roof positioned over the tank; a headspace region formed between the roof and a surface of the water contained in the tank; and a corrosion reduction system. The corrosion reduction system includes (i) a port that enables air to flow out of the water storage tank, and (ii) an active air ventilation system having at least one device configured to facilitate movement of air exterior of the water storage tank into the headspace region. The corrosion reduction system reduces a rate of corrosion of the water storage tank. A method of reducing a rate of corrosion of a water storage tank is also included.

Abstract: Devices are provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in a liquid-containing storage tank (e.g. water-storage tank). The devices include a first fluid flow path that is physically isolated from a second fluid flow path and a convection device for moving a first fluid along the first fluid flow path toward at a desired destination and for exhausting the first fluid at the desired destination at a desired velocity. Methods are also provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in liquid-containing storage tanks (e.g. water-storage tanks). The methods involve blowing a first fluid through a ventilation device into a liquid-containing storage device at a velocity sufficient to achieve a desired mass transfer rate of volatile chemicals from the liquid in the liquid-containing storage device to air in the headspace and flowing the contaminated air back through the ventilation device.

Abstract: Devices are provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in a liquid-containing storage tank (e.g. water-storage tank). The devices include a first fluid flow path that is physically isolated from a second fluid flow path and a convection device for moving a first fluid along the first fluid flow path toward at a desired destination and for exhausting the first fluid at the desired destination at a desired velocity. Methods are also provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in liquid-containing storage tanks (e.g. water-storage tanks). The methods involve blowing a first fluid through a ventilation device into a liquid-containing storage device at a velocity sufficient to achieve a desired mass transfer rate of volatile chemicals from the liquid in the liquid-containing storage device to air in the headspace and flowing the contaminated air back through the ventilation device.

Abstract: Devices are provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in a liquid-containing storage tank (e.g. water-storage tank). The devices include a first fluid flow path that is physically isolated from a second fluid flow path and a convection device for moving a first fluid along the first fluid flow path toward at a desired destination and for exhausting the first fluid at the desired destination at a desired velocity. Methods are also provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in liquid-containing storage tanks (e.g. water-storage tanks). The methods involve blowing a first fluid through a ventilation device into a liquid-containing storage device at a velocity sufficient to achieve a desired mass transfer rate of volatile chemicals from the liquid in the liquid-containing storage device to air in the headspace and flowing the contaminated air back through the ventilation device.

Abstract: Devices are provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in a liquid-containing storage tank (e.g. water-storage tank). The devices include a first fluid flow path that is physically isolated from a second fluid flow path and a convection device for moving a first fluid along the first fluid flow path toward at a desired destination and for exhausting the first fluid at the desired destination at a desired velocity. Methods are also provided for ventilating and/or removing volatile chemicals from liquid (e.g. water) stored in liquid-containing storage tanks (e.g. water-storage tanks). The methods involve blowing a first fluid through a ventilation device into a liquid-containing storage device at a velocity sufficient to achieve a desired mass transfer rate of volatile chemicals from the liquid in the liquid-containing storage device to air in the headspace and flowing the contaminated air back through the ventilation device.

Abstract: A method for reducing heat applied to a workpiece by a plasma discharge of a reactive plasma torch comprises determining a footprint of the plasma discharge on a surface of the workpiece based on a distance of the reactive atom plasma torch from the surface, determining a maximum heat absorbable by the workpiece, and determining an adjusted footprint of the reactive atom plasma torch on the surface based on the maximum heat absorbable by the workpiece. An aperture of an aperture device is selected based on the adjusted footprint of the reactive atom plasma torch. The aperture device is then positioned so that a portion of the plasma is one or both of deflected and absorbed by the aperture device, thereby reducing the heat absorbed by the workpiece.

Abstract: A tool for modifying a surface of a workpiece comprises a heat source having a modifiable footprint for heating a selectable portion of the surface, a reactive atom plasma torch, and a reactive precursor receivable within a plasma of the reactive atom plasma torch. The reactive cursor is received by the plasma to form a reactive species that chemically combines with a portion of the surface heated by the footprint of the heat source to produce a gas and leave the surface.