Abstract: The invention relates to methods for producing non-aggregated, modified silicon particles by treating non-aggregated silicon particles which have volume-weighted particle size distributions with diameter percentiles d50 of 1.0 ?m to 10.0 ?m at 80° C. to 900° C. with an oxygen-containing gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to silicon/graphite/carbon composites (Si/G/C-composites), containing graphite (G) and non-aggregated, nanoscale silicon particles (Si), wherein the silicon particles are embedded in a carbon matrix (C). The invention also relates to a method for producing said type of composite, electrode material for lithium ion batteries containing said type of composite and to a lithium ion battery.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for producing non-aggregated, modified silicon particles by treating non-aggregated silicon particles which have volume-weighted particle size distributions with diameter percentiles d50 of 1.0 ?m to 10.0 ?m at 80° C. to 900° C. with an oxygen-containing gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to core-shell composite particles, the core being a porous, carbon-based matrix containing silicon particles and the shell being non-porous and being obtainable by the carbonization of one or more carbon precursors, the silicon particles having average particle sizes of 1 to 15 ?m.

Abstract: The invention relates to lithium-ion batteries, having anodes based on an anode material containing core-shell-composite particles, characterized in that the core of the core-shell-composite particles is a porous, carbon-based matrix containing silicon particles and the shell of the core-shell-composite particles is non-porous and obtainable through carbonization of one or more carbon precursors and the anode material of the completely charged lithium-ion battery is lithiated only in part.

Abstract: Elemental silicon is produced in higher yield and with less production of byproducts when magnesium oxide having a large particle size is used as a reaction moderator.

Abstract: Silicon is produced by magnesiothermic reduction of silicon dioxide, wherein to achieve magnesiothermic reduction a reactant mixture is employed which contains silicon dioxide (SiO2) and magnesium (Mg) and, as moderators, magnesium oxide (MgO) and silicon (Si), and optionally further moderators.

Abstract: A process for selective transvinylation of a reactant carboxylic acid with a reactant vinyl ester to give a product vinyl ester and the corresponding acid of the reactant vinyl ester in the presence of one or more ruthenium catalysts, wherein a) the reactant vinyl ester, the reactant carboxylic acid and the ruthenium catalyst are supplied to a reactor, wherein b) the molar ratio of reactant vinyl ester to reactant carboxylic acid is 1:3 to 3:1, and c) the transvinylation reaction is conducted, d) on completion of the transvinylation reaction, the reactant vinyl ester and the corresponding acid are separated from the reaction mixture by distillation, e) the product vinyl ester is separated by distillation from the bottom product of the distillation, and f) the remaining reaction mixture is recycled into the reactor.

Abstract: A process for selective transvinylation of a reactant carboxylic acid with a reactant vinyl ester to give a product vinyl ester and the corresponding acid of the reactant vinyl ester in the presence of one or more ruthenium catalysts, wherein a) the reactant vinyl ester, the reactant carboxylic acid and the ruthenium catalyst are supplied to a reactor, and b) the transvinylation reaction is conducted, wherein c) the transvinylation reaction is conducted at a conversion of more than 50%, d) on completion of the transvinylation reaction, the reactant vinyl ester and the corresponding acid are separated from the reaction mixture by distillation, e) the product vinyl ester is separated by distillation from the bottom product of the distillation, and f) the remaining reaction mixture is recycled into the reactor.

Abstract: Silicon is produced by magnesiothermic reduction of silicon dioxide, wherein to achieve magnesiothermic reduction a reactant mixture is employed which contains silicon dioxide (SiO2) and magnesium (Mg) and, as moderators, magnesium oxide (MgO) and silicon (Si), and optionally further moderators.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for separating a mixture containing at least one carboxylic acid vinyl ester of general formula R?—C(O)O—CH?CH2 and at least one carboxylic acid of general formula R?—COOH, wherein R? in either case can be an aliphatic group having 12 to 22 C atoms or a cycloaliphatic group having 12 to 22 C atoms, or an aromatic group having 12 to 22 C atoms, and R? can be identical or different, characterized in that the carboxylic acid is converted to its anhydride R?—C(O)—O—C(O)—R? and the carboxylic acid vinyl ester is subsequently separated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for providing a ruthenium catalyst solution which is active during the transvinylation of a surfactant vinyl ester with a surfactant carboxylic acid, comprising an Ru metal concentration of more than 0.5 wt. % based on the total weight of the ruthenium catalyst solution. The invention is characterized in that a) at least one ruthenium (III) halogenide with at least one inorganic or organic base, at least one surfactant vinyl ester, and at least one surfactant carboxylic acid is reacted at a temperature of 70° C. to 170° C.; b) the molar ratio of surfactant vinyl ester to surfactant carboxylic acid is 1:1.8 to 1.8:1; and c) the ruthenium (III) halogenide is used in a quantity of >0.5 wt. % of Ru metal based on the total weight of the surfactant vinyl ester and surfactant carboxylic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for transvinylation of a carboxylic acid feedstock with a vinyl ester feedstock to obtain a vinyl ester product and the corresponding acid of the vinyl ester feedstock in the presence of one or more ruthenium catalysts, wherein a) the vinyl ester feedstock, the carboxylic acid feedstock and a ruthenium catalyst are fed to the reactor, and b) the transvinylation reaction is carried out, characterized in that a carbonyl-free Ru(III) carboxylate is used as the ruthenium catalyst and in that no carbon monoxide is supplied, c) the reaction is carried out at a temperature of 110 to 170° C., d) upon completion of the transvinylation reaction, the vinyl ester feedstock and the corresponding acid are separated from the reaction mixture by distillation, e) the vinyl ester product is separated by distillation from the bottom product of the distillation, and f) the remaining reaction mixture is recycled into the reactor.

Abstract: A process for selective transvinylation of a reactant carboxylic acid with a reactant vinyl ester to give a product vinyl ester and the corresponding acid of the reactant vinyl ester in the presence of one or more ruthenium catalysts, wherein a) the reactant vinyl ester, the reactant carboxylic acid and the ruthenium catalyst are supplied to a reactor, wherein b) the molar ratio of reactant vinyl ester to reactant carboxylic acid is 1:3 to 3:1, and c) the transvinylation reaction is conducted, d) on completion of the transvinylation reaction, the reactant vinyl ester and the corresponding acid are separated from the reaction mixture by distillation, e) the product vinyl ester is separated by distillation from the bottom product of the distillation, and f) the remaining reaction mixture is recycled into the reactor.

Abstract: A process for selective transvinylation of a reactant carboxylic acid with a reactant vinyl ester to give a product vinyl ester and the corresponding acid of the reactant vinyl ester in the presence of one or more ruthenium catalysts, wherein a) the reactant vinyl ester, the reactant carboxylic acid and the ruthenium catalyst are supplied to a reactor, and b) the transvinylation reaction is conducted, wherein c) the transvinylation reaction is conducted at a conversion of more than 50%, d) on completion of the transvinylation reaction, the reactant vinyl ester and the corresponding acid are separated from the reaction mixture by distillation, e) the product vinyl ester is separated by distillation from the bottom product of the distillation, and f) the remaining reaction mixture is recycled into the reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for providing a ruthenium catalyst solution which is active during the transvinylation of a surfactant vinyl ester with a surfactant carboxylic acid, comprising an Ru metal concentration of more than 0.5 wt. % based on the total weight of the ruthenium catalyst solution. The invention is characterized in that a) at least one ruthenium (III) halogenide with at least one inorganic or organic base, at least one surfactant vinyl ester, and at least one surfactant carboxylic acid is reacted at a temperature of 70° C. to 170° C.; b) the molar ratio of surfactant vinyl ester to surfactant carboxylic acid is 1:1.8 to 1.8:1; and c) the ruthenium (III) halogenide is used in a quantity of >0.5 wt. % of Ru metal based on the total weight of the surfactant vinyl ester and surfactant carboxylic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for separating a mixture containing at least one carboxylic acid vinyl ester of general formula R?—C(O)O—CH?CH2 and at least one carboxylic acid of general formula R?—COOH, wherein R? in either case can be an aliphatic group having 12 to 22 C atoms or a cycloaliphatic group having 12 to 22 C atoms, or an aromatic group having 12 to 22 C atoms, and R? can be identical or different, characterized in that the carboxylic acid is converted to its anhydride R?—C(O)—O—C(O)—R? and the carboxylic acid vinyl ester is subsequently separated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for transvinylation of a carboxylic acid feedstock with a vinyl ester feedstock to obtain a vinyl ester product and the corresponding acid of the vinyl ester feedstock in the presence of one or more ruthenium catalysts, wherein a) the vinyl ester feedstock, the carboxylic acid feedstock and a ruthenium catalyst are fed to the reactor, and b) the transvinylation reaction is carried out, characterized in that a carbonyl-free Ru(III) carboxylate is used as the ruthenium catalyst and in that no carbon monoxide is supplied, c) the reaction is carried out at a temperature of 110 to 170° C., d) upon completion of the transvinylation reaction, the vinyl ester feedstock and the corresponding acid are separated from the reaction mixture by distillation, e) the vinyl ester product is separated by distillation from the bottom product of the distillation, and f) the remaining reaction mixture is recycled into the reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to silicon/graphite/carbon composites (Si/G/C-composites), containing graphite (G) and non-aggregated, nanoscale silicon particles (Si), wherein the silicon particles are embedded in a carbon matrix (C). The invention also relates to a method for producing said type of composite, electrode material for lithium ion batteries containing said type of composite and to a lithium ion battery.

Abstract: The invention relates to silylated cyclic phosphonamides of the general formula (1) in which R1 represents an unsubstituted or fluoro-substituted alkyl group with 1-20 carbon atoms, R2, R3 each represent an unsubstituted or fluoro-substituted alkyl or alkyl group with 1-20 carbon atoms or a siloxy group with 1-20 silicon atoms, wherein two or three of the groups R1, R2, R3 can be connected to each other, R4 represents an unsubstituted or fluoro-substituted alkyl group with 1-20 carbon atoms, and n represents the values 1 or 2. The invention also relates to a method for producing the phosophonamides of the general formula (1), to diamines used during the production of the phosphonamides, to an electrolyte which contains the phosphonamides of the general formula (1), and to a lithium-ion battery which comprises a cathode, an anode, a separator, and the electrolyte.