Abstract: The heat exchanger disclosed herein includes a head section and a heat exchanging section. The heat exchanging section consists of a bundle of inner conduits, open at both ends, and a bundle of outer conduits, open only at one end. The outer conduits enclose that part of the inner conduits within the heat exchanging section, such that an annular space is defined between the conduits. In operation, a lower temperature fluid is introduced into the head section, which generally operates at low temperature and high pressure. The lower temperature fluid flows through the inner conduits into the heat exchanging section and returns to the head section through the annular spaces between the inner and outer conduits. The high temperature fluid flows through the heat exchanging section in intimate contact with the conduits containing the lower temperature fluid, so that it is cooled by the lower temperature fluid.

Abstract: A reactor system for conducting chemical reactions including dehydrogenation reactions and a method for conducting chemical reactions including dehydrogenation reactions therein is disclosed. The reactor comprises a mixing means and a reactor zone comprising a reactor conduit having a shell or housing and at least one inner conduit extending through a major portion of the reactor shell. The mixing means is in fluid communication with the reaction zone. The inner conduit comprise openings or injectors for introducing, at a plurality of locations through the reactor conduit, either additional amounts of the control and/or reactant fluids into the stream of the reactant or, alternatively, the reaction mixture into a stream of the control and/or reactant fluid.

Abstract: A process and apparatus capable of cracking hydrocarbon to produce a reaction product containing a high proportion of ethylene. A hydrocarbon such as naphtha is vaporized and admixed with superheated steam at high temperature in a mixing device. The resulting hydrocarbon-steam mixture is passed through a reaction zone consisting of a reactor conduit which extends through a passageway defined in a radiation block structure. Heating gases at extremely high temperatures are directed through the passageway, co-currently with the hydrocarbon-steam mixture, to produce a desirable heat flux for the cracking reaction. A short residence time in the reactor conduit is maintained to prevent undesirable side reactions.