Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for clock signal phase measurement and control are described. In one example, a clock signal phase measurement system includes a reference clock signal line to provide a reference clock signal, a delay line to provide an output clock signal, and a wild clock. The clock signal phase measurement system includes a phase sensor configured to randomly and simultaneously sample the reference clock signal and the output clock signal utilizing the wild clock to obtain a phase data. The phase sensor is further configured to measure from the phase data a phase difference between the reference clock signal and the output clock signal.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is provided having an anode, a cathode, and an alkaline electrolyte. The cell is sealed and generates energy via a water-splitting reaction. In accordance with aspects and embodiments, the cathode comprises a surface layer having a first work function and base metal having a second work function. The work function of the surface layer metal is greater than the work function of the base metal. The differences in work functions cause transient charge to travel from the base metal to the surface layer. A double layer of charge forms at the interface of the surface layer and electrolyte that stores energy and drives a water-splitting reaction. Hydrogen gas produced from the water-splitting reaction at the cathode is spontaneously oxidized at the anode, releasing energy, and powering an external load. In some embodiments, the disclosed sealed electrochemical cells may be capable of delivering electrode current densities of 25 mA/cm2 at 0.55V to an external load.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for clock signal phase measurement and control are described. In one example, a clock signal phase measurement system includes a reference clock signal line to provide a reference clock signal, a delay line to provide an output clock signal, and a wild clock. The clock signal phase measurement system includes a phase sensor configured to randomly and simultaneously sample the reference clock signal and the output clock signal utilizing the wild clock to obtain a phase data. The phase sensor is further configured to measure from the phase data a phase difference between the reference clock signal and the output clock signal.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is provided having an anode, a cathode, and an alkaline electrolyte. The cell is sealed and generates energy via a water-splitting reaction. In accordance with aspects and embodiments, the cathode comprises a surface layer having a first work function and base metal having a second work function. The work function of the surface layer metal is greater than the work function of the base metal. The differences in work functions cause transient charge to travel from the base metal to the surface layer. A double layer of charge forms at the interface of the surface layer and electrolyte that stores energy and drives a water-splitting reaction. Hydrogen gas produced from the water-splitting reaction at the cathode is spontaneously oxidized at the anode, releasing energy, and powering an external load. In some embodiments, the disclosed sealed electrochemical cells may be capable of delivering electrode current densities of 25 mA/cm2 at 0.55V to an external load.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) system (1) for removal of particles from a flue gas flowing in a flow passage (4) being delimited by a primary collection in the form of a collection plate (5). The system comprises a discharge electrode (11) arranged in the flow passage and connected to a high voltage generator (12) providing for an electric field around the discharge electrode. The system further has a secondary collection electrode in the form of a grid (101) arranged within the collection plate and made of an electrically conductive material. The presence of such a grid improves the efficiency of the precipitator. In some embodiments, the ESP system comprises an actuator (112) for moving the grid upwards and letting it drop onto an internal bottom structure (109). The movement between the collection plate and the grid as well as the impact force imparted to the dropping grid both result in a removal of collected particles.

Abstract: An impedance based biosensor and method for detecting a target biomolecule in a sample are provided. The biosensor has a substrate, and first and second spaced-apart electrodes disposed at the substrate. A molecular recognition element (MRE) for binding with the target is bound to the substrate between the first and second electrodes. The biosensor also has a nanoparticle having an MRE bound to its surface. In the presence of the target, the nanoparticle is immobilized between the first and second electrodes due to binding of the target biomolecule with the first MRE and binding of the target biomolecule with the second MRE. A measurable change in electrical impedance across the first and second electrodes occurs due to the immobilization of the nanoparticle between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) system (1) for removal of particles from a flue gas flowing in a flow passage (4) being delimited by a primary collection in the form of a collection plate (5). The system comprises a discharge electrode (11) arranged in the flow passage and connected to a high voltage generator (12) providing for an electric field around the discharge electrode. The system further has a secondary collection electrode in the form of a grid (101) arranged within the collection plate and made of an electrically conductive material. The presence of such a grid improves the efficiency of the precipitator. In some embodiments, the ESP system comprises an actuator (112) for moving the grid upwards and letting it drop onto an internal bottom structure (109). The movement between the collection plate and the grid as well as the impact force imparted to the dropping grid both result in a removal of collected particles.

Abstract: An impedance based biosensor and method for detecting a target biomolecule in a sample are provided. The biosensor has a substrate, and first and second spaced-apart electrodes disposed at the substrate. A molecular recognition element (MRE) for binding with the target is bound to the substrate between the first and second electrodes. The biosensor also has a nanoparticle having an MRE bound to its surface. In the presence of the target, the nanoparticle is immobilized between the first and second electrodes due to binding of the target biomolecule with the first MRE and binding of the target biomolecule with the second MRE. A measurable change in electrical impedance across the first and second electrodes occurs due to the immobilization of the nanoparticle between the first and second electrodes.