Abstract: The invention relates to a washing process for cleaning polymers containing N or amine, ammonium or spirobicyclic ammonium groups, comprising cationic groups containing N, in addition to suitable counterions, whereby the gelled-out polymers are obtained through polymerisation and cross-linking by a) adding a base which is partially or fully deprotonated, b) the partially or fully deprotonated polymers are washed, then c) optionally, are reprotonated in an organic solvent or in an organic solvent/water mixture by adding an acid, whereupon d) optionally, they are washed in an organic solvent or an organic solvent/water mixture in order to shrink the gels and optionally, e) in connection with step c) or d), the steps a)-c) or -d) are repeated.

Abstract: A method of removing substance from the surface of a workpiece in which the removal of substance is effected layer-wise by irradiating a working site on the workpiece surface with a laser beam from a working head, the layer-wise removal of substance being carried out with the aid of a laser guidance guiding the laser across the surface of the workpiece within a working area predetermined by the apparatus, comprises positioning steps in which, after the start of the substance removal, the relative position of the workpiece and the working head are changed in accordance with a first and/or second criterion and adjusted so that a boundary of the working area comes to be disposed on different sections of the workpiece surface for identical working sites.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing an aperture in a metallic component, in which the aperture comprises, at least in certain portions, a non-cylindrically formed funnel, extends from a first surface to a second surface of a component wall and is formed by a laser beam. The invention improves the dimensional accuracy and reduces the roughness of the surface of the aperture and/or funnel in that, by appropriate choice of the laser parameters, the metal is predominantly removed by sublimation during the formation of the funnel and the funnel is formed by laser removal of layers of a substantially constant thickness.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of 2-coumarone or substituted 2-coumarones, whereby cyclohexanone or substituted cyclohexanone is reacted with a carboxyl-containing acylating agent a) to give methyl 2-(2-oxo-cyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyacetate or substituted methyl 2-(2-oxo-cyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyacetates, which are either a1) directly converted to 2-coumarone or substituted 2-coumarones by means of catalytic gas-phase dehydrogenation, or a2) dehydrated by means of azeotropic distillation under basic conditions, or by use of a strong acid, or a strongly acidic ion exchanger to a mixture of methyl 2-oxocyclohexylidenacetate and the enol-lactone of the 2-oxocyclohexylidenacetic acid, or a mixture of substituted methyl 2-oxocyclohexylidenacetate and the enol-lactone of the substituted 2-oxocyclohexylidenacetic acid, which is finally converted in turn by catalytic gas-phase dehydrogenation to 2-coumarone, or substituted 2-coumarones, or b) are directly converted under acidic or basic conditions into a

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing an aperture (2) in a metallic component (1), in which the aperture (2) comprises, at least in certain portions, a non-cylindrically formed funnel (9), extends from a first surface (5) to a second surface (6) of a component wall (3) and is formed by a laser beam (10), it being attempted to improve the dimensional accuracy and reduce the roughness of the surface of the aperture and/or funnel in that, by appropriate choice of the laser parameters, the metal is predominantly removed by sublimation during the formation of the funnel (9) and the funnel (9) is formed by laser removal of layers (11) of a substantially constant thickness (FIG. 3).

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for the deposition of melamine from hot reaction gases into a wash liquid. The apparatus includes a heated gas feed pipe for introducing the hot reaction gases into an absorption pipe. The gas feed pipe is provided with an extension nozzle, the lower end of which projects coaxially into the absorption pipe. The upper part of the absorption pipe and the gas feed pipe are surrounded by a closed container which serves as a storage vessel for wash liquid. The inner wall of the absorption pipe is constantly washed by flowing wash liquid from the closed container.

Abstract: A process for texturing the surface of a workpiece with a laser beam, the beam being moved by a control unit along a tracking line predetermined by tracking points on the surface of the workpiece to be processed. Desired points that form the midpoints of surface areas are found on the trajectory established on the surface of the workpiece. A tracking point is determined in each of the surface areas. Furthermore, recessed areas and surface areas can be established arbitrarily on the surface of the workpiece, wherein the tracking points fall within the surface areas and not in the recessed areas. Moreover, an imaginary matrix can be formed upon the surface of the workpiece that includes tracking points determined in accordance with a degree of coverage and a random value.

Abstract: A solid product for use in the flavoring of food or beverages which comprises a water-insoluble calcium, magnesium, nickel, manganese or zinc isohumolone complex and an alkali metal compound selected from sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate or a mixture of the disodium or dipotassium salt of ethylenediamine tetracetic acid with the tetrasodium or tetrapotassium salt of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid, the molar ratio of the alkali metal compound to the isohumulone present in the water-insoluble isohumulone complex being at least 0.8 to 1. The product can be immediately dissolved in water or an aqueous medium to produce a solution containing no significant amount of insoluble residues. The solution can be used, for example, as a bittering additive for beer.