Abstract: A logic gate device comprising a probe structure having an interface contact, a first logic input for receiving a first light pulse having a first carrier-envelope phase that encodes an input state of the first logic input and a second logic input for receiving a second light pulse having a second carrier-envelope phase that encodes an input state of the second logic input. The probe structure is arranged to be irradiated by the first light pulse to generate a first current component within the probe structure that depends on the first carrier-envelope phase and to be irradiated by the second light pulse to generate a second current component within the probe structure that depends on the second carrier-envelope phase. The interface contact is arranged to output a sum current that comprises the first and second current component, wherein the sum current encodes a logic output state of a logic output.

Abstract: A valley current generating method for manipulating charge carriers in a solid material, having a band structure with a Brillouin zone including valleys localized therein, includes irradiating the solid material with pulsed radiation including polarized radiation pulses created by a superposition of first and second radiation pulses, wherein first and second center frequencies thereof differ from each other, the polarized radiation pulses have an electric field shaped such that a net electrical charge carrier current is created in the solid material by one valley, the first and second center frequencies are included in UV, visible and/or IR spectral range(s), and the electric field of the polarized radiation pulses is shaped by setting first and second electric field polarizations such that they differ from each other and by setting a relative phase of the first and second electric fields. A valley current generating apparatus and methods of use are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrode structure for guiding and, for example, for splitting a beam of charged particles, for example an electron beam, along a longitudinal path has multipole electrode arrangements that are spaced apart from one another along the longitudinal path and that have DC voltage electrodes. The electrode arrangements are configured to generate static multipole fields centered around the path in transverse planes oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal path, wherein the field strengths of the static multipole fields in the transverse planes each have a local minimum at the location of the path and increase as the distance from the location of the path increases. Field directions of the static multipole fields vary periodically with a period length along the path so that the particles propagating along the path are subjected to an inhomogeneous alternating electric field due to their intrinsic movement and experience a transverse return force towards the longitudinal path on average over time.

Abstract: An electrode structure for guiding and, for example, for splitting a beam of charged particles, for example an electron beam, along a longitudinal path has multipole electrode arrangements that are spaced apart from one another along the longitudinal path and that have DC voltage electrodes. The electrode arrangements are configured to generate static multipole fields centered around the path in transverse planes oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal path, wherein the field strengths of the static multipole fields in the transverse planes each have a local minimum at the location of the path and increase as the distance from the location of the path increases. Field directions of the static multipole fields vary periodically with a period length along the path so that the particles propagating along the path are subjected to an inhomogeneous alternating electric field due to their intrinsic movement and experience a transverse return force towards the longitudinal path on average over time.

Abstract: A logic gate device comprising a probe structure having an interface contact, a first logic input for receiving a first light pulse having a first carrier-envelope phase that encodes an input state of the first logic input and a second logic input for receiving a second light pulse having a second carrier-envelope phase that encodes an input state of the second logic input. The probe structure is arranged to be irradiated by the first light pulse to generate a first current component within the probe structure that depends on the first carrier-envelope phase and to be irradiated by the second light pulse to generate a second current component within the probe structure that depends on the second carrier-envelope phase. The interface contact is arranged to output a sum current that comprises the first and second current component, wherein the sum current encodes a logic output state of a logic output.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electron beam splitter (1) comprising a multi-pole electrode arrangement with a high-frequency alternating current voltage (5), which extends along a specified path (6) from an inlet side (9) to an outlet side (10), wherein the electrode arrangement (5) generates on the inlet side (9) with a first number of electrodes (7) impacted by the voltage a first oscillating electric field (61), which forms on a transversal plane a single local confinement minimum (62) in a time-averaged manner, and wherein the electrode arrangement (5) generates at least on the outlet side (10) with a second number of voltage-impacted electrodes (7) a second oscillating electric field (65), which forms at least two local confinement minimums (66, 67) in a time averaged manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electron beam splitter (1) comprising a multi-pole electrode arrangement with a high-frequency alternating current voltage (5), which extends along a specified path (6) from an inlet side (9) to an outlet side (10), wherein the electrode arrangement (5) generates on the inlet side (9) with a first number of electrodes (7) impacted by the voltage a first oscillating electric field (61), which forms on a transversal plane a single local confinement minimum (62) in a time-averaged manner, and wherein the electrode arrangement (5) generates at least on the outlet side (10) with a second number of voltage-impacted electrodes (7) a second oscillating electric field (65), which forms at least two local confinement minimums (66, 67) in a time averaged manner.