Abstract: The present disclosure provides a detergent additives and methods for preparing a sulfurized alkyl phenate product to achieve a high sulfurization ratio and low levels of unsulfurized alkyl phenols.

Abstract: A system and method for tracking non-geo synchronous orbit satellites on orbiting planes of regular motion patterns. The method includes providing a first satellites moving in a direction descending in latitude in first orbital planes and a second satellites moving in a direction ascending in latitude in second orbital planes; steering an antenna to an antenna tilt ? from normal with a single axis mechanism lined up with a first axis; scanning, electronically, with a linear array at a scan angle ? along a second axis; and locking to a signal from a handed-from satellite from the first satellites, where the first axis is angled from the second axis, the steering along the first axis and the scanning along the second axis jointly track the handed-from satellite, the first orbits seem parallel, the second orbits seem parallel, and the first orbits seem aligned with the antenna tilt ?. A handoff between the first satellites may use one of the second satellites as a steppingstone.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for mitigating polarization mismatch in reflector antenna systems. A feed unit is configured to determine a polarization mismatch between a first polarization associated with a first wave and a second polarization associated with a reflector unit. The feed unit pre-distorts the first wave to achieve a compensated polarization for reducing and/or eliminating a polarization mismatch. The pre-distorted first wave having the compensated polarization is used to illuminate the reflector unit. A re-radiated wave is reflected by the reflector unit. Furthermore, the level of the re-radiated wave is increased as a result of the pre-distortion.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a detergent additives and methods for preparing a sulfurized alkyl phenate product to achieve a high sulfurization ratio and low levels of unsulfurized alkyl phenols.

Abstract: An integral waveguide device herein includes a polarizer component comprising a waveguide and a dielectric slab, the dielectric slab configured to change a polarization of a signal passing through the waveguide. The integral waveguide device also includes a feed horn for conveying signals between the waveguide and a parabolic antenna. The waveguide of the polarizer and the feed horn are manufactured as an integral component with the feed horn disposed at a first end of the waveguide.

Abstract: Testing apparatuses, and methods for using such apparatuses to calibrate and test an antenna, include a chamber that includes a lining, the lining being made from a material that is absorptive to radiation at a test wavelength. An adjustable platform is positioned at a first side of the chamber, the adjustable platform being rotatable to change an orientation of a device under test. A probe is positioned at a second side of the chamber, opposite to the first side of the chamber, that measures electromagnetic radiation from the device under test. A vector network analyzer communicates with the device under test and the probe to determine calibration information for the device under test.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a detergent additives and methods for preparing a sulfurized alkyl phenate product to achieve a high sulfurization ratio and low levels of un-sulfurized alkyl phenols.

Abstract: Testing apparatuses, and methods for using such apparatuses to calibrate and test an antenna, include a chamber that includes a lining, the lining being made from a material that is absorptive to radiation at a test wavelength. An adjustable platform is positioned at a first side of the chamber, the adjustable platform being rotatable to change an orientation of a device under test. A probe is positioned at a second side of the chamber, opposite to the first side of the chamber, that measures electromagnetic radiation from the device under test. A vector network analyzer communicates with the device under test and the probe to determine calibration information for the device under test.

Abstract: A method for providing frequency selective surface zoning includes selecting a location for positioning a frequency selective surface (FSS) panel along a support arm of a reflector antenna system, and positioning a second feed horn on the support arm on an opposite side of the FSS panel. A number of unit cells are used to populate the FSS panel, and metallic patterns are formed on each unit cell. Multiple zones are subsequently defined on the surface of the FSS panel. Each zone is optimized for a predetermined range of incident angles.

Abstract: A hybrid scanning antenna including: a reflector having a focal line; a first mechanical movement to move the reflector about a first axis; a second mechanical movement to move the reflector about a second axis; a linear array fixedly disposed along the focal line to electronically scan at a scan angle about a third axis; and a controller to control the first mechanical movement, the second mechanical movement and the scan angle of the linear array to orient the hybrid scanning antenna to a look angle of a remote transceiver.

Abstract: A system for reducing antenna spillover in a satellite communications system is disclosed. The system may include an apparatus comprising an antenna terminal, which in turn may include a sub-reflector and a main reflector. The main reflector may include at least one of an extension, a shroud, and a serrated edge. The extension may be a full rim extension or a partial extension. The shroud may be a full shroud or a partial shroud. The serrated edge may include a straight serration or a curved serration, the serrated edge also having various dimensions and profiles. In some examples, the sub-reflector and the main reflector of the antenna terminal may be provided and configured to reduce antenna spillover in accordance with antenna performance and interference restrictions set forth by one or more governing bodies.

Abstract: A system and method for tracking non-geo synchronous orbit satellites on orbiting planes of regular motion patterns. The method includes providing a first satellites moving in a direction descending in latitude in first orbital planes and a second satellites moving in a direction ascending in latitude in second orbital planes; steering an antenna to an antenna tilt ? from normal with a single axis mechanism lined up with a first axis; scanning, electronically, with a linear array at a scan angle ? along a second axis; and locking to a signal from a handed-from satellite from the first satellites, where the first axis is angled from the second axis, the steering along the first axis and the scanning along the second axis jointly track the handed-from satellite, the first orbits seem parallel, the second orbits seem parallel, and the first orbits seem aligned with the antenna tilt ?. A handoff between the first satellites may use one of the second satellites as a steppingstone.

Abstract: An integral waveguide device herein includes a polarizer component comprising a waveguide and a dielectric slab, the dielectric slab configured to change a polarization of a signal passing through the waveguide. The integral waveguide device also includes a feed horn for conveying signals between the waveguide and a parabolic antenna. The waveguide of the polarizer and the feed horn are manufactured as an integral component with the feed horn disposed at a first end of the waveguide.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for producing meander-line polarizers. In some implementations, a meander-line polarizer includes a dielectric substrate made of a polyester polymer material and meander-line arrays formed on a surface of the dielectric substrate. Each meander-line array includes a sequence of alternating perpendicular conductive traces that are formed the surface of the dielectric substrate by applying conductive ink to the surface of the dielectric substrate using a template that defines a location and dimensions of each conductive trace of each meander-line array.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for producing meander-line polarizers. In some implementations, a meander-line polarizer includes a dielectric substrate made of a polyester polymer material and meander-line arrays formed on a surface of the dielectric substrate. Each meander-line array includes a sequence of alternating perpendicular conductive traces that are formed the surface of the dielectric substrate by applying conductive ink to the surface of the dielectric substrate using a template that defines a location and dimensions of each conductive trace of each meander-line array.

Abstract: Embodiments for an antenna structure that can also be used in an antenna array are described. Each antenna element includes a ground plane that includes a conductive material. Each antenna element also includes an antenna patch disposed on the ground plane. The antenna patch includes a base portion formed from an insulating material, and a conductive element disposed on the base portion and having a rectangular shape with a first length and a first width. The ground plane is larger than the conductive element. Additionally, each corner of the conductive element includes a rectangular region void of conductive material. The rectangular regions in each corner include a second length that is less than one half of the first length of the rectangular shape, and a second width that is less than one half of the first width of the rectangular shape.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing a low loss printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB includes an antenna patch, a ground plane, and a polarizer. The antenna patch consists of a plastic base having a first plurality of circuit patterns formed directly on its top surface. The ground plane is formed directly on a bottom surface of the plastic base used for the antenna patch, and contains one or more coupling circuit patterns. A polarizer spacer is provided on the antenna patch to provide separation from the polarizer. The polarizer also consists of a second plastic base having a second plurality of circuit patterns formed directly thereon.

Abstract: Various antenna systems are presented that have independently steerable receive and transmit beams. The antenna system may include multiple antenna element systems. Each antenna element system may include multiple phase shifters that alter the phase of received signals and signals to be transmitted. Directions of a first transmit beam, a second transmit beam, a first receive beam, and a second receive beam may be steered independently using the phase shifters. Each antenna element system may include a polarization system.

Abstract: A phase shifter having both digital and analog shifting components is disclosed. The digital-analog phase shifter includes an input/output port configured, in part, for receiving an input radio frequency (RF) signal from an external source and outputting a phase shifted RF signal. A digital shifter performs coarse phase shifts of the input RF signal, while an analog shifter variably shift the phase of the input RF signal relative to the coarse phase shift. This produces a phase shifted RF signal having a total phase range that is output is continuously variable from 0° to 360°.

Abstract: A digital phase shifter is described where each bit of the phase shifter has a circuit block including one PIN diode in parallel with one transmission line. The phase shifter requires only one PIN diode and one transmission line per bit circuit block. Each PIN diode behaves like a simple switch for phase shifting. When the PIN diode is forward biased (“on” state), current flows through the PIN diode and the RF signal is not phase shifted. When the pin diode is not forward biased (“off” state), current flows through the transmission line parallel to the PIN diode and the RF signal is phase shifted by the transmission line. The digital phase shifter may have n circuit blocks in series, and adjacent PIN diodes may share a current when both are on. The phase shifter may be implemented in a phased array or reflect array antenna including multiple phase shifters.