Abstract: A method is provided for remotely measuring index of refraction fluctuations. From a first location, an optical beam is focused at a focal plane located at a second location in a medium of interest. As a result, a beam of energy is backscattered towards the first location. At the first location, a size of the backscattered beam is determined where the size is indicative of strength of fluctuations in the medium's index of refraction.

Abstract: A method is provided for improving horizontal spatial resolution of a flow field in compact jet-like current features so as to quantify the axial velocity in the cross section of a compact jet using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). The ADCP is a four-beam, Janus-type ADCP having beams aligned so that each of the beams is at an angle of about 20° to 30° to vertical and at 45° to the fore and aft axis of the vessel, such that two beams point at 45° to forward and two pointing 45° to aft. The measurements from each range bin of the aft-facing beams are combined with the previously measured samples from the corresponding forward-facing beams at the same position along the vessel track.

Abstract: A fluid conduit for flowing electrically conductive fluids includes an elrically conductive pipe, an electrically conductive rod extending axially through the pipe and centrally thereof, a first power source in electrical communication with the pipe and rod, a solenoidal electromagnet disposed around the pipe and a second power source in electrical communication with the electromagnet. Activation of the first and second power sources creates an electric and a magnetic field, respectively, within the pipe which interact and result in a circumferential force in the flow with consequent reduction in wall friction in the pipe.