Abstract: A method to produce a fermentation product comprising: providing a biomass material; pretreating the biomass material by contacting the biomass material with a solution containing at least one alpha-hydroxysulfonic acid to produce a pretreated biomass mixture containing at least one fermentable sugar; adding one or more saccharification enzymes to the pretreated biomass mixture, wherein the pretreated biomass mixture has a suitable condition for the one or more saccharification enzymes; performing enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by the one or more saccharification enzymes for greater than 24 hours to generate a hydrolysate; and adding at least one fermentation microorganism to the hydrolysate under a suitable condition for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.

Abstract: The problem of formulating a dentifrice which is compatible with a bis-biguanide anti-bacterial agent, for instance chlorhexidine or alexidine, is solved by using a nonionic thickening agent; a nonionic surfactant; and an abrasive which is either a sparingly soluble salt, for instance calcium carbonate, (used in combination with an agent to suppress anion formation), or an essentially insoluble compound, for instance, a silica of low anion content, or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the composition has a flavor which is mainly aniseed, balanced by mints. Preferably during the preparation of a silica containing dentifrice, chlorhexidine and saccharin are added together at an early stage, prior to the addition of silica, to avoid the formation of lumps. Such dentifrices are useful in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of periodontal disease and caries.