Abstract: A pre-crime method and system for predictable defense against attacks on an information network. The method comprises the steps of detecting current events, comparing the detected current events with historical incidents stored in a database, requesting historical attack characteristics after determining matches between the detected current events and the historical incidents, and activating defense measures in the information network based on the historical attack characteristics.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical switching element for altering the propagation direction of at least one light beam, comprising a transparent base body (21), said base body being provided with a recess (20) for forming at least one boundary surface (19) between an optically denser medium and an optically more translucent medium. The incident light strikes this boundary surface (19). The recess (20) is filled partly with a liquid (26) and contains a moveable body (16). The liquid (26) and the moveable body (16) have approximately the same refractive index as the transparent base body. To switch the switching element (15) to a transmitting switching state, the moveable body is positioned in the recess in such a way that the gap between the boundary surface and the surface of the moveable body is filled completely with the liquid. If the moveable body is positioned in the recess in such a way that the boundary surface is free of the liquid, the incident light is reflected on said boundary surface.

Abstract: A micromembrane pump is described which is self-priming and self-filling. For this, the pump chamber (14) is so configured that in a drained condition of the pump chamber (14), the pump membrane (4) adjoins the pump chamber wall (22), which causes the volume of the pump chamber (14) to be minimized. For this, the pump chamber wall (22) can be flat, so that the pump membrane (4) adjoins the flat pump chamber wall (22) in its unshifted rest position. Preferably, the pump includes membrane valves which consist of a valve membrane (3) situated between two halves of the housing (1, 2), and valve seats (10, 16). It also includes a heteromorphic piezoactuator (5) attached to the pump membrane (4). The compact pump is suited to deliver gases and liquids, and can be manufactured in cost-effective fashion from only a few components.