Abstract: L(−)-carnitine is synthesized from crotonobetaine, crotonobetaine salts or derivatives in an ecologically advantageous manner by immobilizing cells of Escherichia coli 044 K74 on ceramics, glass beads or polyurethane disks in a two stage continuously operating cell recycle reactor containing a reaction medium. The medium preferably contains between 25 mM and 1 M crotonobetaine and at least 50 mM fumarate. Growing or resting cells of E. coli are retained in the reactor by micro or ultrafiltration membranes which are arranged as a flat membrane module or hollow fiber module. A first stage contains a reactor tank and a second stage contains an external recirculation loop connected to the tank for feeding the reaction medium through a filter unit. L-carnitine is synthesized under anaerobic conditions to produce a reaction medium containing L-carnitine and unreacted crotonobetaine.

Abstract: The invention described herein relates to coenzymes useful for the synthesis of L-carnitine, particularly a compound of coenzyme A, and more particularly gamma-butyrobetainyl-coenzyme A and crotonobetainyl-coenzyme A, to procedures for their preparation and to their use for the production of L(−)-carnitine from crotonobetain and D(−)-carnitine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing L(−)-carnitine. The aim of the invention is to depict a method which permits the synthesis of L(−)carnitine from crotonobetaine. crotonobetaine salts or derivatives in an ecologically advantageous manner by immobilizing cells of Escherichia coli 044 K74 in a continuously operating cell recycle reactor. Growing or resting cells of E. coli are retained in a continuously operating cell recycle reactor by micro or ultrafiltration membranes which are arranged as a flat membrane module or hollow chamfer module.

Abstract: The invention described herein relates to coenzymes useful for the synthesis of L-carnitine, particularly a compound of coenzyme A, and more particularly gamma-butyrobetainyl-coenzyme A and crotonobetainyl-coenzyme A, to procedures for their preparation and to their use for the production of L(−)-carnitine from crotonobetain and D(−)-carnitine.

Abstract: The invention described herein relates to coenzymes useful for the synthesis of L-carnitine, particularly a compound of coenzyme A, and more particularly gamma-butyrobetainyl-coenzyme A and crotonobetainyl-coenzyme A, to procedures for their preparation and to their use for the production of L(−)-carnitine from crotonobetaine and D(−)-carnitine.

Abstract: The invention described herein relates to coenzymes useful for the synthesis of L-carnitine, particularly a compound of coenzyme A, and more particularly gamma-butyrobetainyl-coenzyme A and crotonobetainyl-coenzyme A, to procedures for their preparation and to their use for the production of L(−)-carnitine from crotonobetain and D(−)-carnitine.

Abstract: The invention described herein relates to coenzymes useful for the synthesis of L-carnitine, particularly a compound of coenzyme A, and more particularly gamma-butyrobetainyl-coenzyme A and crotonobetainyl-coenzyme A, to procedures for their preparation and to their use for the production of L(−)-carnitine from crotonobetain and D(−)-carnitine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the L(-)-carnitine biochemical production, in an economically favorable way.This new process is technically achievable with easily available raw, materials in simple reaction conditions and with not complicated substance separation techniques.This process is carried out with bacteria that stereo-specifically hydrates crotonobetaine to L(-)-carnitine.

Abstract: An enzyme carnitinehydrolyase is isolated from microorganisms belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgarius, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum, e Salmonella cottbus, following anaerobic cultivation of the microorganisms in the presence of D,L-carnitine and/or crotonobetaine, by cell disruption and chromatography of the resulting protein extract. The enzyme, upon immobilization and activation by an effector which is also obtained from the protein extract following enzyme isolation, is used for stereoselectively hydrating crotonobetaine into L(-)-carnitine by contacting a solution of crotonobetaine or crotonobetaine derivatives with carnitinehydrolyase in the presence of the effector.

Abstract: To ensure that a body will be independent of gravitation for the performance of tests, an evacuable protection box is provided which encloses contact free the body from all sides.The protection box has contactless scanning units to monitor the position of the body in its inside. It is conducted along three axes by a guiding system firmly connected to the spacecraft.The movements along each of the three axes is accomplished by driving means controlled by the scanning units so that the protection box follows changed positions of the body relative to the spacecraft.