Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus are provided for deriving the relative position of an eye by tracking a boundary of the eye such as the limbus (i.e., the interface between the white sclera and the colored iris). A technique for tracking the position of the eye of patient comprises directing light to an annular region of the eye between the sclera and the iris and receiving reflected light from that region. The intensity of the reflected light is then measured to determine a relative position of the eye. In some embodiments, the measured region is scanned around the boundary. In other embodiments, a light spot is scanned around a substantially annular trajectory radially outward from the pupil. The signals corresponding to the intensity of the reflected light are then processed and measured to determine the eye's position. A flap of tissue covering the boundary may be automatically detected so as to selectively measure the boundary away from the flap.

Abstract: A method of cooling coated foods, particularly confectionery and baked goods, wherein the goods are moved by a conveyor belt through a cooling duct, and wherein air is used as the cooling agent. Alternatively, the goods are conveyed by a conveyor belt through a cooling duct above base plates forming heat exchangers, wherein a liquid cooling agent flows through the heat exchangers. The method includes adjusting a delta-T (actual value) between cooling agent exit and cooling agent entry for a certain product to be coated by regulating the cooling agent flow speed, entering this delta-T as nominal value in a computer as the parameter for further cooling of this product, and regulating the cooling agent entry temperature, particularly in the case of production interruption or restart of production, by the difference determined in the computer between the delta-T determined as the nominal value and the actually measured value.

Abstract: An apparatus for coating foods, such as sweets, baked goods and the like, with flowable coating substances, such as chocolate and other icings. The apparatus includes an endless conveyor belt for the coated goods or the goods to be coated and a run-off plate arranged underneath the conveyor belt for excess coating substance. A catch container is provided for receiving the excess coating substance from the run-off plate. A separate scraping belt for removing excess coating substance or scraping the run-off plate is provided underneath the conveyor belt and above the run-off plate.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously processing a cocoa-butter containing or similar fat-containing mass, particularly a chocolate mass, includes an outer stationary cooling cylinder, wherein the mass to be processed is pumped through the interior of the stationary cooling cylinder from one end face thereof into the area of the other end face. The apparatus further includes a driven agitating element in the interior of the cooling cylinder. A driven inner cylinder having a smaller diameter than the cooling cylinder is arranged concentrically in the cooling cylinder. The cooling cylinder and the inner cylinder form an annular interior in which a number of agitating rollers forming the agitating element are arranged. The axes of the agitating rollers extend parallel to the axis of the cylinders. The axes of the agitating rollers are located on a common circle arranged concentrically to the cylinders. The agitating rollers are driven by the cylinder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing 4,5-dichloro-2-methylbenzoic acid and also its salts in high yields and in high purities by reacting 3,4-dichlorotoluene with acetyl chloride or chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst and subsequently oxidizing the acetylated intermediate to give the carboxylic acid.

Abstract: In the case of a cable lead-through (5), in particular in panel form, of a pliable material, which is surrounded by a frame (6), in particular for a wall (2) or a ceiling or for a base (3) of a distribution cabinet, a distribution box or a junction box (1) or of a meter cabinet or the like, the cable lead-through (5) is produced from an elastomerically crosslinked material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing 1-methoxy-2-propyl 3-(7-diethylamino-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-3-oxopropionate of the formula I ##STR1## and also di(1-methoxy-2-propyl) acetonedicarboxylate as intermediate for one of the processes.

Abstract: A self-propelled articulated continuous haulage system including an elongated articulated body made up of a plurality of support frames aligned in endy-to-end abutting relationship. A conveyor system is carried by and supported centrally on the support frames. The haulage system includes a pair of endless traction chains carried on opposite sides of the support frames and spanning the length of the body the chains engaging the ground in an operative condition of the system, and a drive for driving the chains to provide tractive and steering effort for the system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a recording material for the inkjet method having a particularly glossy surface, a substrate material having a metal layer on at last one of its surfaces and it being possible for this metal layer additionally to be provided with a protective layer. The material thus obtained carries an ink-accepting layer on one of the following surfaces: 1. on the metal layer, 2. on the protective layer cover the metal layer, 3. on that surface of the substrate material which faces away from the metal layer. When an image is recorded on the ink-accepting layer on a commercial inkjet plotter, particularly interesting reflecting color effects are obtained, in particular colors such as silver, gold, golden red, etc. being produced, which are not achievable by means of a conventional inkjet recording method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing ortho-nitrobenzonitriles of the formula I, ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined in claim 1, by reacting the corresponding ortho-fluoronitrobenzenes with alkali metal cyanides or cyanide-donating substances in the presence of phase transfer catalysts.

Abstract: A coordinate measuring apparatus carries a video camera 6 and a mechanical probe head 7 having a probe element 8 for contact-measuring the workpiece surface. With the aid of the coordinate measuring apparatus, the locations on the workpiece 9 to be mechanically contacted are driven to under visual control with the aid of the monitor 10 connected to the video camera. For this purpose, the probe element 8 is located in the viewing field of the video camera 6.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of the general formula I ##STR1## by reaction of compounds of the general formula II ##STR2## with amines of the general formula III ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another denote hydrogen, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-hydroxyalkyl or (C.sub.5 -C.sub.6)-cycloalkyl, or, together with the nitrogen atom carrying them, form (C.sub.4 -C.sub.6)-heterocyclyl and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently of one another denote hydrogen, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-alkyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-hydroxyalkyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.2)-alkylcarbonyl or tosyl.

Abstract: A planar collector for an electric machine having radial commutator laminations arranged at an electrically insulating carrier. A plate (11) which can be soldered or welded and is divided into segments (11') with connections (17) is arranged on the electrically insulating carrier (10) and has a segmentation congruent to the commutator laminations (15), the commutator laminations (15) being soldered or welded on the plate (11).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of N-ethylcarbazole by reaction of carbazole or N-ethoxycarbonylcarbazole with diethyl carbonate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of the general formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 denotes formyl or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.3)-alkylcarbonyl,R.sup.2 denotes the group CH.sub.2 --CH(A)--B, wherein A represents hydroxyl and B represents hydrogen or methyl, or A represents hydrogen and B represents hydroxymethyl, or the group COO--CH(X)--CH.sub.2 --D, wherein X represents hydrogen or methyl and D represents chlorine or bromine, or X represents hydrogen and D represents chloromethyl or bromomethyl, andR.sup.3 denotes (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-alkyl,processes for their preparation and their use.

Abstract: Coffee oil is treated by filtering it so that upon contact with a frost charged with coffee aromas to transfer coffee aromas from the frost to the oil, the aqueous and oil phases obtained are decantable. Filtering is effected by passing a coffee oil at a temperature of less than 30.degree. C. through a filter having a pore size of up to 25 .mu.m and may be carried out with diatomite added to the oil to be filtered and/or under a partial vacuum.

Abstract: A sealing element for the end portions of cigarettes or other rod-shaped articles of the tobacco processing industry has an elastic tubular body defining a longitudinally extending passage for the flow of air or another testing fluid from one end of an article being tested or in the opposite direction. The end face of the article being tested is engaged by a deformable membrane at one end of the passage, and such membrane has a central opening for the flow of testing fluid from or into an enlarged chamber between the membrane and an internal fluid deflecting baffle of the tubular body. The baffle causes the testing fluid to flow in the chamber radially inwardly toward or radially outwardly from the opening in the membrane and thus prevents the accumulation of tobacco particles and/or particles of filter material for tobacco smoke in the chamber. The stream of testing fluid in the major portion of the passage flows in the axial direction of the article being tested.

Abstract: A sealing element for use in the testing of cigarettes or other rod-shaped articles of the tobacco processing industry has an elastic tubular body with an end portion having an axially movable end wall and an annular lip extending beyond the external surface of the end wall. The latter has a central opening constituting the inlet or the outlet of an axial passage for testing fluid. When the end of an article to be tested is caused to bear against the external surface of the end wall, the latter yields axially of the tubular body and causes the lip to flex radially inwardly into engagement with the periphery of the adjacent end of the article to be tested. In order to reduce the likelihood of damage to the end wall and/or the lip by sharp edges surrounding the ends of certain articles which are caused to bear against the external surface of the end wall, such external surface is provided with an annular recess which is inwardly adjacent the lip and can have a substantially semicircular cross-sectional outline.

Abstract: Coffee aromas are transferred to an oil by introducing a condensation product of a frost of carbon dioxide charged with coffee aromas and water into a heat-regulated enclosure having a lower portion for containing an oil bath and an upper portion for containing a layer of the frost introduced therein and for venting sublimed carbon dioxide. To carry out the process, the oil bath is regulated at a temperature above the freezing point of the oil, and the temperature in the enclosure above the oil bath is regulated so that during introduction of the frost into the enclosure, a layer of frost is formed and maintained above the bath, carbon dioxide of the frost is sublimated and water of the frost is melted. Sublimated carbon dioxide is vented from the enclosure, an aroma- and water-laden oil bath is removed from the enclosure and oil is added to the bath to replace oil removed from the enclosure, while introducing frost into the enclosure and regulating the temperatures.

Abstract: A plurality of video cameras (7a-d) are mounted on a table which is adapted support a workpiece or other object to be measured, and the mounting of each camera to the table provides for controlled universal orientation of each camera via an articulating head having provision for selective rotation about each of two orthogonally related axes. The table is provided with vibration damping, whereby both the measured object, and the cameras which provide triangulation data for each measurement, can operate from the same rigid base, isolated from external sources of mechanical shock. The video signals of the cameras are fed, along with instantaneous optical-axis orientation data for each camera, to the computer of a coordinate-measuring machine.