Abstract: A control apparatus for a phacoemulsification system is disclosed. The control apparatus is configured to supply electrical energy to an actuator for a phaco needle during a plurality of time intervals, wherein the time intervals includes a first time interval, in which electrical energy for pulses with a constant maximum amplitude is supplied, a second time interval following the first time interval, wherein electrical energy with a value equal to zero is supplied, and a third time interval following the second time interval, wherein the third time interval has a first time duration in which electrical energy for pulses which have a lower constant amplitude than the maximum amplitude during the first time interval is supplied.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a phacoemulsification system is disclosed. The control apparatus is configured to supply electrical energy to an actuator for a phaco needle during a plurality of time intervals, wherein the time intervals includes a first time interval, in which electrical energy for pulses with a constant maximum amplitude is supplied, a second time interval following the first time interval, wherein electrical energy with a value equal to zero is supplied, and a third time interval following the second time interval, wherein the third time interval has a first time duration in which electrical energy for pulses which have a lower constant amplitude than the maximum amplitude during the first time interval is supplied.

Abstract: It is difficult to transmit large processing current on the surfaces of printed circuit boards (L) using clamp-type contact organs (6, 7). In order to solve said problem, contact elements (15, 16) having one or more contact surfaces (26) are disposed on the contact organs (6, 7). The shape of the contact surfaces (26) are configured in such a way that no damages occur in the areas of the conductive surfaces adjacent to the contact surfaces (26) when large currents are transmitted from the contact elements (15, 16) printed on the electrically conductive surface of printed board material (L) on the contact surfaces to the conductive surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for evening out the thickness of metal layers on electrical contact points on flat items to be treated 7, such as conductor foil and printed circuit boards, during the electrolytic treatment of the items to be treated, guided in a horizontal plane of conveyance in a continuous electroplating plant. The device has counter-electrodes 2, 3 located opposite the plane of conveyance and clamps 4, secured to a continuously revolving means of conveyance 5, for contacting the items to be treated 7. The clamps 4 have a lower portion 14 and an upper portion 13 which are electrically conductive, have a surface consisting of metal, are moveable in relation to one another and respectively have at least one contact point 6 for the items to be treated 7. In addition, at least one current source is provided to produce a flow of current between the counter-electrodes and the items to be treated.