Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include a dopant in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include a dopant in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include a dopant in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include a dopant in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include a dopant in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include a dopant in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include a dopant in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A system, apparatus, and method for identifying and authenticating articles using expression codes obtained from marks incorporating microparticles on or in articles, article packaging, or article labeling where the expression codes are based on signature strings generated relative to attributes of valid individual microparticles. The system, apparatus, and method can also enable the serialization of articles over and above the code-formulation that is achievable with multi-layered color-coded microparticles or single expression microparticles.

Abstract: A system, apparatus, and method for identifying and authenticating articles using expression codes obtained from marks incorporating microparticles on or in articles, article packaging, or article labeling where the expression codes are based on signature strings generated relative to attributes of valid individual microparticles. The system, apparatus, and method can also enable the serialization of articles over and above the code-formulation that is achievable with multi-layered color-coded microparticles or single expression microparticles.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include an interfacial layer in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include a dopant in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell can include an interfacial layer in contact with a semiconductor layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates, generally, to the art of impregnating metal complexes into anion exchange materials to provide improved anion exchange materials with a metal inside the materials such that the modified materials effectively and efficiently remove or recover various metals, including metal containing complexes, compounds, and contaminants, such as arsenic, from, for example, process solutions, effluents and aqueous solutions. Uses for the improved anion exchange materials are also described as are methods of making modified anion exchange materials, and methods of removing and recovering at least one metal or contaminant from a source.

Abstract: A stabilization processor is provided having activator, stop, stabilizer and rinse baths sequentially arranged therein. A plurality of pairs of upper and lower rollers are provided with at least one pair being disposed in each bath. The upper rollers in each pair of rollers is driven by a worm gear, while the lower roller is driven by frictional coaction with the upper rollers and the stabilization paper. The movement of the rollers urges the stabilization paper through the stabilization processor. The rotation of the lower roller transports the chemical solution in each bath into contact with the stabilization paper. The stop bath assures no contamination of the stabilizer bath by the activator solution. A pumping and recirculation system is provided for each bath. The recirculation system enables complete draining of the stabilization processor during periods of non-use.