Abstract: An example system includes a simulation system that emulates a first portion of an electrical system and controls, based on the first portion, electrical inputs to a device under test. The system also includes an observation device, operatively coupled to the simulation system, that receives a delayed version of a remote emulation value, which represents a second portion of the electrical system. The remote emulation value is generated by another, physically separate simulation system. The observation device is further configured to determine, based on the delayed version of the remote emulation value and a model of the second portion, a respective real-time estimation of the remote emulation value, and output, to the simulation system, the respective real-time estimation. The simulation system is further configured to emulate the first portion based on the respective real-time estimation of the remote emulation value.

Abstract: Photobioreactors according to embodiments of the present invention deliver nutrient gas intermittently to the photobioreactor media. In some embodiments, one or more gases are delivered according to a duty cycle or timing pattern. According to some embodiments, algae is grown in a photobioreactor using intermittent introduction of carbon dioxide. In other embodiments, carbon dioxide is supplied to algae grown in a photobioreactor in whole or in part from a head space above the media of the photobioreactor.

Abstract: Photobioreactors according to embodiments of the present invention deliver nutrient gas intermittently to the photobioreactor media. In some embodiments, one or more gases are delivered according to a duty cycle or timing pattern. According to some embodiments, algae is grown in a photobioreactor using intermittent introduction of carbon dioxide. In other embodiments, carbon dioxide is supplied to algae grown in a photobioreactor in whole or in part from a head space above the media of the photobioreactor.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include model-based controls to control photobioreactor operation and the growth of algae for use as a biofuels feedstock. In some embodiments, the model-based control can accounts for future conditions such as weather, product pricing, customer demands and/or other variables to operate the reactors in a manner that optimizes product revenues, minimizes costs or energy, maximizes photosynthetic or energy balance efficiency, and/or any combination of the aforementioned factors.