Abstract: A hybrid motorbike is provided which is powered by human muscle power on pedals and supplemented by an electric motor with the current generated by a fuel cell on the motorbike. The motorbike has a crown gear driven by muscle power, and a planetary-gear carrier with planetary gears transmitting power from a pulley connected to the motor by a belt to the ring gear of a bell attached to the crown gear which is attached to the drive wheel of the bike. The fuel cell and a battery and controls may be contained in an exchangeable module in the triangular space formed in the frame of the bike between the front wheel and seat. The bike has sensors to determine the speed and load placed on the pedals which is transmitted to a microprocessor programmed to control the electric motor according to the load on the pedals and the speed to provide the desired assistance to bike.

Abstract: Novel naphthofuran derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein R represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. The compounds of formula I are valuable (amber) odorants and also flavorants. Odorant and flavorant compositions employing (I) as well as processes for making them are also described.

Abstract: The invention concerns a novel process for the manufacture of 2-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalene, 1, commonly known as .alpha.-ambrinol. ##STR1## The process comprises reducing either an 8-halo-2-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-ociahydronaphihalene (11a), alone or in admixture with a 1-halo-2-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalene (11b), or reducing the 1,2-epoxide which can be formed therefrom, namely, 1,2-epoxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphihalene (111). The halohydrins 11 are prepared from 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphihalene, IV.The compounds of formulas II and III are novel and form part of the present invention. The formula III epoxide possesses valuable odorant properties and its use as an odorant also forms part of the invention.

Abstract: The invention concerns a novel process for the manufacture of 2-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalene, I, commonly known as .alpha.-ambrinol. ##STR1## The process comprises reducing either an 8-halo-2-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalene (IIa), alone or in a mixture with a 1-halo-2-hydroxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalene (IIb), or reduced the 1,2-epoxide which can be formed therefrom, namely, 1,2-epoxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octanhydronaphthalene (III). The halohydrins II are prepared from 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene, IV.The compounds of formulas II and III are novel and form part of the present invention. The formula III epoxide possesses valuable odorant properties and its use as an odorant also forms part of the invention.

Abstract: Novel odorant and/or flavoring substances are described. These are the compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.1 represents methyl or ethyl,R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or methyl,the dotted line represents an optional carbon-carbon bond,n is 0 or 1, and,when n is O, R.sup.3 is hydrogen and R.sup.4 represents acetyl or propronyl, and,when n is 1, R.sup.3 represents methyl or ethyl and R.sup.4 represents hydrogen or methyl,with the exception of 1,4,4,7a-tetramethyl-3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-7(6H)-ind-1-enone.The compounds of formula I possess organoleptic properties which make them particularly suitable for use as odorant and/or flavoring substances.

Abstract: This invention concerns the use of cis-3,7-dimethylocta-3,6-dienoic acid as a flavorant and flavor compositions and tobacco products containing same. This invention also concerns such flavor compositions and tobacco products wherein the cis-3,7-dimethylocta-3,6-dienoic acid is used in combination with 2,2,4-trimethylcyclohex-3(or)4-ene-carboxylic acid.

Abstract: This invention concerns the use of cis-3,7-dimethylocta-3,6-dienoic acid as an odorant and/or flavorant, odorant and flavorant compositions containing same and methods for preparing same. This invention also concerns such compositions and methods wherein the cis-3,7-dimethylocta-3,6-dienoic acid is used in combination with 2,2,4-trimethylcyclohex-3(or 4)-ene-carboxylic acid.

Abstract: Novel odorants, having the formula ##STR1## wherein R represents sec. butyl, tert. butyl or cyclohexyl. A process for preparing the novel odorants from novel intermediates and fragrance compositions containing the odorants are also taught.

Abstract: Novel odorants, having the formula ##STR1## wherein R represents sec. butyl, tert. butyl or cyclohexyl. A process for preparing the novel odorants from novel intermediates and fragrance compositions containing the odorants are also taught.

Abstract: The preparation and use as odorant and/or flavorant of 2,6,10,10-tetramethyl-1-oxa-spiro-[4,5]-decan-7-one (I).

Abstract: The preparation and use as odorant and/or flavorant of 2,6,10,10-tetramethyl-1-oxa-spiro-[4,5]-decan-7-one (I).

Abstract: Novel trimethyl-acetyl-octalins mixtures are prepared by a Diels-Alder-type reaction involving methyl vinyl ketone and compounds having the structure ##STR1## wherein one of the two lines denoted by dots represents an additional bond.The novel compounds possess unique and unexpected desirable olfactory properties.

Abstract: Theaspiran is a novel fragrance and flavor substance. Its uses and novel process for making it are disclosed.

Abstract: Cyclopentenes, some of them novel, process for making same and odorant compositions containing them.

Abstract: Novel odorants of the formulae: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R.sup.2 represents a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group and wherein one of the two additional bonds indicated by dots may be present.

Abstract: Cyclopentenes, some of them novel, process for making same and odorant compositions containing them.

Abstract: Novel compounds of formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a lower alkenyl group or R.sup.11, or taken together with R.sup.4 an oxo group; R.sup.11 represents hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.3 represents methyl or methylene; R.sup.4 represents hydroxy or a loweralkoxy, lower alkenyloxy, loweralkoxy loweralkyl or acyloxy group and R.sup.5 represents hydrogen or, when simultaneously R.sup.3 represents methyl and R.sup.1 represents R.sup.11, taken together with R.sup.4 a 3.alpha.,6-epoxide group, and 1,8a-dihydro-derivatives of compounds of formula I wherein R.sup.3 represents methyl and R.sup.5 represents hydrogen.The use of said compounds as odorants and also processes for their preparation are disclosed.

Abstract: Novel compounds of formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a lower alkenyl group or R.sup.11, or taken together with R.sup.4 an oxo group; R.sup.11 represents hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.3 represents methyl or methylene; R.sup.4 represents hydroxy or a loweralkoxy, lower alkenyloxy, loweralkoxyloweralkyl or acyloxy group and R.sup.5 represents hydrogen or, when simultaneously R.sup.3 represents methyl and R.sup.1 represents R.sup.11, taken together with R.sup.4 a 3.alpha. ,6-epoxide group, and 1,8.alpha.-dihydro-derivatives of compounds of formula I wherein R.sup.3 represents methyl and R.sup.5 represents hydrogen.

Abstract: Novel compounds of formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a lower alkenyl group or R.sup.11, or taken together with R.sup.4 an oxo group; R.sup.11 represents hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or a lower alkyl group; R.sup.3 represents methyl or methylene; R.sup.4 represents hydroxy or a loweralkoxy, lower alkenyloxy, loweralkoxyloweralkyl or acyloxy group and R.sup.5 represents hydrogen or, when simultaneously R.sup.3 represents methyl and R.sup.1 represents R.sup.11, taken together with R.sup.4 a 3.alpha.,6-epoxide group, and 1,3a-dihydro-derivatives of compounds of formula I wherein R.sup.3 represents methyl and R.sup.5 represents hydrogen.The use of said compounds as odorants and also processes for their preparation are disclosed.

Abstract: Theaspiran is a novel fragrance and flavor substance. Its uses and novel process for making it are disclosed.