Abstract: A system and a method for recording, transmitting and analyzing data and information accrued from, low-frequency, electromagnetic radiation, where the electromagnetic radiation originates from at least one impulse source of natural and/or artificial origin, from at least one atmospheric discharge or from at least one transmitter, a precise characterization of the impulse source, a reliable differentiation between cloud-ground lightning and cloud-cloud lightning within a cloud or between clouds is provided for, including localize the altitude of the impulse source, the emission altitude or the broadcast altitude, and/or the directionality, the spatial direction path of the impulse emission or impulse broadcast caused by the impulse, by determining the difference between the arrival time of the signal at the measuring station located closest to the impulse source and the arrival time of the signal at at least one, preferably two, measuring stations which are not located closest to the impulse source.

Abstract: Described is a self-contained, small, lightweight, power-efficient and radiation-shielded module that includes a miniature vacuum X-ray tube emitting X-rays of a controlled intensity and defined spectrum. Feedback control circuits are used to monitor and maintain the beam current and voltage. The X-ray tube, high-voltage power supply, and the resonant converter are encapsulated in a solid high-voltage insulating material. The module can be configured into complex geometries and can be powered by commercially available small, compact, low-voltage batteries.

Abstract: Described is a self-contained, small, lightweight, power-efficient and radiation-shielded module that includes a miniature vacuum X-ray tube emitting X-rays of a controlled intensity and defined spectrum. Feedback control circuits are used to monitor and maintain the beam current and voltage. The X-ray tube, high-voltage power supply, and the resonant converter are encapsulated in a solid high-voltage insulating material. The module can be configured into complex geometries and can be powered by commercially available small, compact, low-voltage batteries.