Abstract: A testing apparatus is disclosed that is suitable for a game ball, such as a soccer ball, and a variety of other spherical or non-spherical objects. The testing apparatus includes a housing with the configuration of an air foil. A shaft extends through the housing, and a mount for securing the game ball to an end of the shaft. A motor is operatively connected to an opposite end of the shaft and is utilized to rotate the game ball in a wind tunnel. The testing apparatus also includes a sensor, such as a two-axis force balance, that detects various fluid forces upon the game ball, including a drag force and a side force, for example.

Abstract: An end configuration for a bat includes in one embodiment an end cap that has a base that is shaped to fit within the open end of the bat thereby to attach the end cap to the bat. The end cap also includes a convexly contoured end surface that is exposed when the end cap is attached to the bat. The end surface is roughened to reduce the aerodynamic drag when the bat is swung, thereby to increase the momentum of the bat for a given amount of force applied to swing the bat.

Abstract: A testing apparatus is disclosed that is suitable for a game ball, such as a soccer ball, and a variety of other spherical or non-spherical objects. The testing apparatus includes a housing with the configuration of an air foil. A shaft extends through the housing, and a mount for securing the game ball to an end of the shaft. A motor is operatively connected to an opposite end of the shaft and is utilized to rotate the game ball in a wind tunnel. The testing apparatus also includes a sensor, such as a two-axis force balance, that detects various fluid forces upon the game ball, including a drag force and a side force, for example.