Abstract: The isolation resistance value is determined by measuring the voltage across a set of high resistance resistor networks placed between the high voltage battery pack (both the positive and negative terminals) and the chassis ground and then modifying the resistance networks by switching in an additional high resistance network and repeating the measurements. This results in a system that can be assembled using low cost components to determine with a high degree of accuracy the value of the isolation resistance. The implementation of this system does not require expensive solid state relays, as the small amount of resistance through the switching device is negligible when determining the isolation resistance of the high voltage system. The system is not dependent on high precision devices to give accurate isolation resistance detection in a range that is appropriate for high voltage applications.

Abstract: A battery management system employs electronic switches and capacitors. No traditional cell-balancing resistors are used. The BMS electronically switches individual cells into and out of a module of cells in order to use the maximum amount of energy available in each cell and to completely charge and discharge each cell without overcharging or under-discharging.

Abstract: The isolation resistance value is determined by measuring the voltage across a set of high resistance resistor networks placed between the high voltage battery pack (both the positive and negative terminals) and the chassis ground and then modifying the resistance networks by switching in an additional high resistance network and repeating the measurements. This results in a system that can be assembled using low cost components to determine with a high degree of accuracy the value of the isolation resistance. The implementation of this system does not require expensive solid state relays, as the small amount of resistance through the switching device is negligible when determining the isolation resistance of the high voltage system. The system is not dependent on high precision devices to give accurate isolation resistance detection in a range that is appropriate for high voltage applications.

Abstract: A hybrid model to determine state-of-charge for lithium batteries includes both a physical model and an empirical or data-driven model. The physical model is an electrochemical model, based on the battery materials properties and structure and describes dynamic electrochemical reactions. The empirical model uses coulomb counting and a relaxation filter, plus a Kalman filter for adaptive compensation of the system parameters. In some SOC regimes, one model is strongly favored over the other. In some SOC regions, a weighted combination of the two models is used.

Abstract: A battery management system employs electronic switches and capacitors. No traditional cell-balancing resistors are used. The BMS electronically switches individual cells into and out of a module of cells in order to use the maximum amount of energy available in each cell and to completely charge and discharge each cell without overcharging or under-discharging.

Abstract: Adjusting parameters of a waveform includes facilitating wireless communication between a transmitting node and receiving nodes, where the transmitting node communicates with a receiving node over a channel. Spectrum conditions are estimated, where a spectrum condition describes spectrum utilization in the vicinity of surrounding nodes. Channel conditions are estimated, where a channel condition describes a channel of the plurality of channels. Waveform parameters are adjusted in response to the spectrum conditions and the channel conditions.

Abstract: Adjusting parameters of a waveform includes facilitating wireless communication between a transmitting node and receiving nodes, where the transmitting node communicates with a receiving node over a channel. Spectrum conditions are estimated, where a spectrum condition describes spectrum utilization in the vicinity of surrounding nodes. Channel conditions are estimated, where a channel condition describes a channel of the plurality of channels. Waveform parameters are adjusted in response to the spectrum conditions and the channel conditions.