Abstract: Disclosed herein is a chromium oxide catalyst composition having reduced levels of chromium (VI), methods of making a chromium oxide catalyst composition and system, and illustrative uses of the chromium oxide catalyst composition and system. The catalyst disclosed may be a gel and may comprise chromium(III) oxide and chromium(VI) oxide at an amount of about 10,000 ppm or less based on total chromium oxide contents in the chromium oxide catalyst composition.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to processes for formation of a molecular sieve, particularly a metal-promoted molecular sieve, and more particularly an Iron(III) exchanged zeolite. Preferably, the zeolite is of the chabazite form or similar structure. The processes can include combining a zeolite with Iron(III) cations in an aqueous medium. The process can be carried out at a pH of less than about 7, and a buffering material can be used with the aqueous medium. The processes beneficially result in Iron exchange that can approach 100% along with removal of cations (such as sodium, NH4, and H) from the zeolite. An Iron(III)-exchanged zeolite prepared according to the disclosed processes can include about 2,000 ppm or less of cation and about 1% by weight or greater of Iron(III). The disclosure also provides catalysts (e.g., SCR catalysts) and exhaust treatment systems including the Iron(III)-exchanged zeolite.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a chromium oxide catalyst composition having reduced levels of chromium (VI), methods of making a chromium oxide catalyst composition and system, and illustrative uses of the chromium oxide catalyst composition and system. The catalyst disclosed may be a gel and may comprise chromium (III) oxide and chromium (VI) oxide at an amount of about 10,000 ppm or less based on total chromium oxide contents in the chromium oxide catalyst composition.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to processes for formation of a molecular sieve, particularly a metal-promoted molecular sieve, and more particularly an Iron(III) exchanged zeolite. Preferably, the zeolite is of the chabazite form or similar structure. The processes can include combining a zeolite with Iron(III) cations in an aqueous medium. The process can be carried out at a pH of less than about 7, and a buffering material can be used with the aqueous medium. The processes beneficially result in Iron exchange that can approach 100% along with removal of cations (such as sodium, NH4, and H) from the zeolite. An Iron(III)-exchanged zeolite prepared according to the disclosed processes can include about 2,000 ppm or less of cation and about 1% by weight or greater of Iron(III). The disclosure also provides catalysts (e.g., SCR catalysts) and exhaust treatment systems including the Iron(III)-exchanged zeolite.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to processes for formation of a molecular sieve, particularly a metal-promoted molecular sieve, and more particularly an Iron(III) exchanged zeolite. Preferably, the zeolite is of the chabazite form or similar structure. The processes can include combining a zeolite with Iron(III) cations in an aqueous medium. The process can be carried out at a pH of less than about 7, and a buffering material can be used with the aqueous medium. The processes beneficially result in Iron exchange that can approach 100% along with removal of cations (such as sodium, NH4, and H) from the zeolite. An Iron(III)-exchanged zeolite prepared according to the disclosed processes can include about 2,000 ppm or less of cation and about 1% by weight or greater of Iron(III). The disclosure also provides catalysts (e.g., SCR catalysts) and exhaust treatment systems including the Iron(III)-exchanged zeolite.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a chromium oxide catalyst composition having reduced levels of chromium (VI), methods of making a chromium oxide catalyst composition and system, and illustrative uses of the chromium oxide catalyst composition and system. The catalyst disclosed may be a gel and may comprise chromium (III) oxide and chromium (VI) oxide at an amount of about 10,000 ppm or less based on total chromium oxide contents in the chromium oxide catalyst composition.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to processes for formation of a molecular sieve, particularly a metal-promoted molecular sieve, and more particularly an Iron(III) exchanged zeolite. Preferably, the zeolite is of the chabazite form or similar structure. The processes can include combining a zeolite with Iron(III) cations in an aqueous medium. The process can be carried out at a pH of less than about 7, and a buffering material can be used with the aqueous medium. The processes beneficially result in Iron exchange that can approach 100% along with removal of cations (such as sodium, NH4, and H) from the zeolite. An Iron(III)-exchanged zeolite prepared according to the disclosed processes can include about 2,000 ppm or less of cation and about 1% by weight or greater of Iron(III). The disclosure also provides catalysts (e.g., SCR catalysts) and exhaust treatment systems including the Iron(III)-exchanged zeolite.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying adiponitrile (ADN), wherein crude ADN is introduced into a rectification apparatus (R1). The rectification apparatus (R1) comprises a first side draw and preferably also a second side draw, the first side draw being disposed below the crude ADN introduction point and the optional second side draw being disposed above the crude ADN introduction point. The first side draw is used to draw off a gaseous stream comprising ADN while the optional second side draw is used to draw off undesired by-products such as 1-amino-2-cyanocyclopentene (ACCP) which are often generated in ADN production and consequently may be present in the crude ADN. The gaseous stream from the first side draw of (R1) is introduced into a second rectification apparatus (R2). (R2) is used to separate off ADN from remaining high boilers and any other by-products present, pure ADN being drawn off from (D2) as overhead product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying adiponitrile (ADN), wherein crude ADN is introduced into a rectification apparatus (R1). The rectification apparatus (R1) comprises a first side draw and preferably also a second side draw, the first side draw being disposed below the crude ADN introduction point and the optional second side draw being disposed above the crude ADN introduction point. The first side draw is used to draw off a gaseous stream comprising ADN while the optional second side draw is used to draw off undesired by-products such as 1-amino-2-cyanocyclopentene (ACCP) which are often generated in ADN production and consequently may be present in the crude ADN. The gaseous stream from the first side draw of (R1) is introduced into a second rectification apparatus (R2). (R2) is used to separate off ADN from remaining high boilers and any other by-products present, pure ADN being drawn off from (D2) as overhead product.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-pentenenitrile, characterized by the following process steps: (a) isomerizing a reactant stream which comprises 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile over at least one dissolved or dispersed isomerization catalyst to give a stream 1 which comprises the at least one isomerization catalyst, 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, (b) distilling stream 1 to obtain a stream 2 as the top product which comprises 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, and a stream 3 as the bottom product which comprises the at least one isomerization catalyst, (c) distilling stream 2 to obtain a stream 4 as the top product which, compared to stream 2, is enriched in (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, based on the sum of all pentenenitriles in stream 2, and a stream 5 as the bottom product which, compared to stream 2, is enriched in 3-pentenenitrile and 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, based on the sum of all pentenenitriles in stream 2, (d) dis

Abstract: A process is described for preparing 3-pentenenitrile, characterized by the following process steps: (a) isomerizing a reactant stream which comprises 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile over at least one dissolved or dispersed isomerization catalyst to give a stream 1 which comprises the at least one isomerization catalyst, 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, (b) distilling stream 1 to obtain a stream 2 as the top product which comprises 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, and a stream 3 as the bottom product which comprises the at least one isomerization catalyst, (c) distilling stream 2 to obtain a stream 4 as the top product which, compared to stream 2, is enriched in (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, based on the sum of all pentenenitriles in stream 2, and a stream 5 as the bottom product which, compared to stream 2, is enriched in 3-pentenenitrile and 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, based on the sum of all pentenenitriles in stream 2, (d) dis

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of production of catalyst particles, comprising platinum and tin and also at least one further element, selected from lanthanum and cesium, on zirconium dioxide as support, comprising the steps: preparation of one or more solutions containing precursor compounds of Pt, Sn and at least one further element of La or Cs and also ZrO2, converting the solution(s) to an aerosol, bringing the aerosol into a directly or indirectly heated pyrolysis zone, carrying out pyrolysis, and separation of the particles formed from the pyrolysis gas. Suitable precursor compounds comprise zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate, lanthanum(II) acetylacetonate and cesium acetate, hexamethyldisiloxane, tin 2-ethylhexanoate, platinum acetylacetonate, zirconium(IV) propylate in n-propanol and lanthanum(II) acetylacetonate. The invention also relates to the catalyst particles obtainable using the method according to the invention, and to the use thereof as dehydrogenation catalysts.

Abstract: A reactor in the form of an essentially horizontal cylinder for carrying out an autothermal gas-phase dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon-comprising gas stream by means of an oxygen-comprising gas stream to give a reaction gas mixture over a heterogeneous catalyst configured as monolith is disclosed herein. The interior of the reactor is divided by a detachable, cylindrical or prismatic housing which is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the reactor, gastight in the circumferential direction and open at two end faces of the housing into an inner region, having one or more catalytically active zones. In each case, a packing composed of monoliths may be stacked on top of one another, next to one another, and above one another and before each catalytically active zone. Also in each case, a mixing zone having solid internals and an outer region arranged coaxially to the inner region are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of production of catalyst particles, comprising platinum and tin and also at least one further element, selected from lanthanum and cesium, on zirconium dioxide as support, comprising the steps: preparation of one or more solutions containing precursor compounds of Pt, Sn and at least one further element of La or Cs and also ZrO2, converting the solution(s) to an aerosol, bringing the aerosol into a directly or indirectly heated pyrolysis zone, carrying out pyrolysis, and separation of the particles formed from the pyrolysis gas. Suitable precursor compounds comprise zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate, lanthanum(II) acetylacetonate and cesium acetate, hexamethyldisiloxane, tin 2-ethylhexanoate, platinum acetylacetonate, zirconium(IV) propylate in n-propanol and lanthanum(II) acetylacetonate. The invention also relates to the catalyst particles obtainable using the method according to the invention, and to the use thereof as dehydrogenation catalysts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing triethylenetetramine substituted by at least one methyl group (Me-TETA or methyl-substituted TETA compounds). Me-TETA is prepared by hydrogenating biscyanomethylimidazolidine (BCMI) in the presence of a catalyst. The present invention further relates to methyl-substituted TETA compounds as such. The present invention further relates to the use of methyl-substituted TETA compounds as a reactant or intermediate in the production of, for example, coatings or adhesives.

Abstract: A process for isomerizing cis-2-pentenenitrile to 3-pentenenitriles, by isomerizing cis-2-pentenenitrile with amidines, tertiary amines or mixtures thereof as a catalyst at temperatures of 80 to 200° C. and a pressure of 0.01 to 50 bar.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for workup of a stream (1) comprising butene and/or butadiene, butane, hydrogen and/or nitrogen and carbon dioxide, comprising: (a) absorption of stream (1) with a mixture (5) comprising 80 to 97% by weight of N-methylpyrrolidone and 3 to 20% by weight of water to obtain a stream (9) comprising N-methylpyrrolidone, water, butene and/or butadiene, butane, and optionally carbon dioxide, and a stream (7) comprising hydrogen and/or nitrogen and butane, (b) extractive distillation of stream (9) with a stream (13) comprising 80 to 97% by weight of N-methylpyrrolidone and 3 to 20% by weight of water to separate the stream (9) into a stream (17) comprising N-methylpyrrolidone, water, butene and/or butadiene, and a stream (15) comprising essentially butane, and optionally carbon dioxide, (c) distillation of stream (17) into a stream (23) comprising essentially N-methylpyrrolidone and water, and a stream (21) comprising butene and/or butadiene.

Abstract: A method for producing 3-pentenenitrile is provided that includes: (a) isomerizing an educt stream containing 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile on at least one dissolved or dispersed isomerization catalyst to form a stream (1), which contains the isomerization catalyst(s), 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile; (b) distilling the stream (1) to obtain a stream (2) as the overhead product, which contains 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile and (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile and a stream (3) as the bottom product, which contains the isomerization catalyst(s); (c) distilling the stream (2) to obtain a stream (4) as the overhead product, which is enriched with (Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile in comparison to stream (2), and a stream (5) as the bottom product, which is enriched with 3-pentenenitrile and 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile in comparison to stream (2); (d) distilling stream (5) to obtain a stream (6) as the bottom product, which contains 3-pentenenitrile and a stream (7) as the he

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for workup of a stream (1) comprising butene and/or butadiene, butane, hydrogen and/or nitrogen and carbon dioxide, comprising: (a) absorption of stream (1) with a mixture (5) comprising 80 to 97% by weight of N-methylpyrrolidone and 3 to 20% by weight of water to obtain a stream (9) comprising N-methylpyrrolidone, water, butene and/or butadiene, butane, and optionally carbon dioxide, and a stream (7) comprising hydrogen and/or nitrogen and butane, (b) extractive distillation of stream (9) with a stream (13) comprising 80 to 97% by weight of N-methylpyrrolidone and 3 to 20% by weight of water to separate the stream (9) into a stream (17) comprising N-methylpyrrolidone, water, butene and/or butadiene, and a stream (15) comprising essentially butane, and optionally carbon dioxide, (c) distillation of stream (17) into a stream (23) comprising essentially N-methylpyrrolidone and water, and a stream (21) comprising butene and/or butadiene.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of production of catalyst support particles, containing zirconium dioxide and optionally silicon oxide, comprising the steps (i) preparation of a solution containing precursor compounds of zirconium dioxide and optionally of silicon dioxide, (ii) converting the solution(s) to an aerosol, (iii) bringing the aerosol into a directly or indirectly heated pyrolysis zone, (iv) carrying out pyrolysis, and (v) separation of the catalyst particles formed from the pyrolysis gas.