Abstract: Operating a drive train of a vehicle having a clutch assembly, wherein the clutch assembly is actuatable via an actuating device for the switchable transmission of a torque, wherein a first state of the actuating device, and thus a second state of the clutch assembly, is settable via a position of a drive unit of the actuating device, comprises: a) determining that a first torque request to the clutch assembly is constant; and b) determining that a first position of the drive unit is constant within the interval; and then c) controlling the drive unit with a dither function, wherein a position of the drive unit is continuously varied about the first position; and d) ending the dither function when the conditions stated in steps a) and b) are no longer met.

Abstract: A clutch assembly for a driveline of a motor vehicle comprises a friction plate clutch having an inner plate carrier, to which inner plates are connected in a rotationally fixed and axially movable way, and having an outer plate carrier to which outer plates are connected in a rotationally fixed and axially movable way, and wherein the inner plates and the outer plates jointly form a plate package, wherein the inner plate carrier comprises at least one bore in an axial overlapping region with the plate package through which bore oil can flow to the plate package, a supporting plate against which the plate package is axially supported, an axially movable pressure plate for axially loading the plate package, an operating device for operating the friction plate clutch by axially moving the pressure plate, a flow controller for controlling an oil volume flow rate through the at least one bore of the inner plate carrier, wherein the flow controller comprises a setting member which is operable by the operating devi

Abstract: Operating a drive train of a vehicle having a clutch assembly, wherein the clutch assembly is actuatable via an actuating device for the switchable transmission of a torque, wherein a first state of the actuating device, and thus a second state of the clutch assembly, is settable via a position of a drive unit of the actuating device, comprises: a) determining that a first torque request to the clutch assembly is constant; and b) determining that a first position of the drive unit is constant within the interval; and then c) controlling the drive unit with a dither function, wherein a position of the drive unit is continuously varied about the first position; and d) ending the dither function when the conditions stated in steps a) and b) are no longer met.

Abstract: A clutch assembly for a driveline of a motor vehicle comprises a friction plate clutch having an inner plate carrier, to which inner plates are connected in a rotationally fixed and axially movable way, and having an outer plate carrier to which outer plates are connected in a rotationally fixed and axially movable way, and wherein the inner plates and the outer plates jointly form a plate package, wherein the inner plate carrier comprises at least one bore in an axial overlapping region with the plate package through which bore oil can flow to the plate package, a supporting plate against which the plate package is axially supported, an axially movable pressure plate for axially loading the plate package, an operating device for operating the friction plate clutch by axially moving the pressure plate, a flow controller for controlling an oil volume flow rate through the at least one bore of the inner plate carrier, wherein the flow controller comprises a setting member which is operable by the operating devi

Abstract: An electron multiplier detector includes cathode structure defining a plurality of spaced co-planar impact surface segments on which particles impact. These surface segments each have a finite probability of generating at least one electron for each impacting particle having predetermined characteristics. The detector further includes respective sets of electron multiplication dynode segments associated with the impact surface segments, the sets being arranged as substantially parallel arrays extending behind the impact surface segments, and respective means for generating electrostatic and magnetic fields in a space extending from the impact surface segments past the dynode segments, whereby respective streams of electrons cascade and multiply successively along the arrays of dynode segments. Collector structure is provided to receive and detect the streams of electrons downstream of the last dynode segments in the arrays.

Abstract: Electron focussing apparatus includes a cathode plate defining an impact surface on which particles impact, which surface has a finite probability of generating at least one electron for each impacting particle having predetermined characteristics. The apparatus also has an electron receiving element, and respective means for generating electrostatic and magnetic fields in a space extending from the impact surface to the electron receiving element. The means for generating the electrostatic and magnetic fields are configured whereby the E/B2 ratio adjacent the electron receiving element is smaller than adjacent the impact surface, whereby to decrease the radius of curvature of the electron trajectories adjacent the electron receiving element relative to adjacent the impact surface and to thereby focus the electron trajectories in at least one dimension.

Abstract: Electron focussing apparatus includes a cathode plate defining an impact surface on which particles impact, which surface has a finite probability of generating at least one electron for each impacting particle having predetermined characteristics. The apparatus also has an electron receiving element, and respective means for generating electrostatic and magnetic fields in a space extending from the impact surface to the electron receiving element. The means for generating the electrostatic and magnetic fields are configured whereby the E/B2 ratio adjacent the electron receiving element is smaller than adjacent the impact surface, whereby to decrease the radius of curvature of the electron trajectories adjacent the electron receiving element relative to adjacent the impact surface and to thereby focus the electron trajectories in at least one dimension.