Abstract: A direct coal liquefaction process and system is provided that utilizes a dispersed catalyst and recycle of atmospheric and vacuum fractionator bottoms to produce a maximum yield of jet fuel/diesel or chemical plant feedstock while eliminating all slurry heat exchangers and a slurry preheat furnace. Process hydrogen is preheated in a heat exchanger and, if necessary, in a hydrogen furnace, and mixed with the recycled atmospheric and vacuum fractionator bottoms being fed to the input of the direct liquefaction reactor. Heat for the hydrogen heat exchanger is provided by the overhead from the hot separator receiving the effluent from the direct liquefaction reactor. Product selectivity is controlled by operating conditions.

Abstract: A direct coal liquefaction process capable of producing unexpectedly high levels of C5/650° F. product, which process employs a relatively high ratio of solvent plus bottoms product recycle to feed coal.

Abstract: A direct coal liquefaction process and system is provided that utilizes a dispersed catalyst and recycle of atmospheric and vacuum fractionator bottoms to produce a maximum yield of jet fuel/diesel or chemical plant feedstock while eliminating all slurry heat exchangers and a slurry preheat furnace. Process hydrogen is preheated in a heat exchanger and, if necessary, in a hydrogen furnace, and mixed with the recycled atmospheric and vacuum fractionator bottoms being fed to the input of the direct liquefaction reactor. Heat for the hydrogen heat exchanger is provided by the overhead from the hot separator receiving the effluent from the direct liquefaction reactor. Product selectivity is controlled by operating conditions.

Abstract: A direct coal liquefaction method and apparatus in which the feed coal is mixed with a recycled 600° F.+ non-donor stream in which the ratio of coal to said stream is at least 1.5:1 on a moisture free basis to form an input slurry to a DCL reactor. Hydrogen containing treat gas is supplied to the reactor. 1000° F.? bottoms from the reactor are recycled as part of the 600° F.+ non-donor stream. 1000° F.+ bottoms from the reactor are gasified in a PDX unit to provide hydrogen for the DCL reaction. The ratio of recycled bottoms to feed coal is between 1:0.5 and 1:1.5.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a residua feedstock using a short vapor contact time thermal process unit comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles. The residua feedstock is preferably atomized so that the Sauter mean diameter of the residua feedstock entering the reactor is less than about 2500 ?m. One or more horizontally disposed screws is preferably used to fluidize a bed of hot particles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining the source of fouling in petroleum thermal conversion process units. More particularly, the invention distinguishes whether fouling occurs due to feed entrainment of small feed droplets or vapor phase condensation.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a residua feedstock using a short vapor contact time thermal process unit comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles. The residua feedstock is preferably atomized so that the Sauter mean diameter of the residua feedstock entering the reactor is less than about 2500 &mgr;m. One or more horizontally disposed screws is preferably used to fluidize a bed of hot particles.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a residua feedstock using a short vapor contact time thermal process unit comprised of a horizontal moving bed of fluidized hot particles. The residua feedstock is preferably atomized so that the Sauter mean diameter of the residua feedstock entering the reactor is less than about 2500 &mgr;m. One or more horizontally disposed screws is preferably used to fluidize a bed of hot particles.

Abstract: A process for the thermal conversion of the organic component associated with tar sands to lower boiling, higher value products. The conversion is achieved by subjecting the organic component containing from about 1 to 20 wt. % native solids to elevated temperatures and pressures. Compared to conventional thermal conversion processes, such as visbreaking, much higher conversion of the organic component can be achieved owing to the presence of native solids on which coke is deposited instead of fouling the process equipment. This higher conversion is also associated with enhanced removal of sulfur and metals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic process for converting a solid carbonaceous material, such as coal, to a liquid product in the presence of hydrogen. More particularly, this invention relates to a coal liquefaction process wherein a mixture of coal, bottoms, solvent and a sulfiding agent is subjected to liquefaction conditions in the presence of a catalyst precursor. This catalyst or catalyst precursor is comprised of a thermally decomposable compound of Groups IIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements such as molybdenum.

Abstract: A process for hydroprocessing coal to hydrocarbon oils wherein coal is depolymerized at low temperatures by contacting finely divided coal with a hard acid and soft base. The depolymerized coal is then hydroprocessed to hydrocarbon oils by forming a mixture with a coal conversion catalyst or precursor thereof, and hydroprocessing the mixture at temperatures of from 250.degree. to 550.degree. C. and hydrogen partial pressures of from 2100 to 35000 kPa.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for catalytically hydropyrolyzing carbonaceous material to produce liquid products boiling under about 550.degree. C. with reduced amounts of methane being formed. The process comprises (a) treating the carbonaceous material with as hydrogenation catalyst; (b) contacting the so-treated carbonaceous material with an effective amount of hydrogen, at an effective residence time, at a temperature below the critical temperature of rapid methane formation; (c) recovering the resulting liquids, gases, and char; and (d) recycling the char.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for obtaining liquids and gases from carbonaceous material, such as coal. The carbonaceous material is first treated with a gasification catalyst, and optionally a hydrogenation catalyst, and hydropyrolyzed for an effective residence time, below the critical temperature at which methane begins to rapidly form, to make liquid products. The resulting char is gasified in the presence of steam at a temperature from about 500.degree. C. to about 900.degree. C.

Abstract: A catalyst composition prepared by depositing a metal or metal compound onto a carbon support formed, in effect, simultaneously with the deposition of the metal or metal compound via partial combustion of an unsaturated hydrocarbon and thereafter converting said metal or metal compound to an oxide or sulfide having hydrogenation activity. The metal is selected from the group of metals consisting of Groups II-B, IV-B, IV-A, V-A, VI-A, VII-A and VIII-A metals of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The catalyst compositions are useful in hydroconversion and hydrotreating processes.

Abstract: An improved process for hydroconverting carbonaceous material wherein the hydroconversion is accomplished in the presence of a sulfide of tin or tin and at least one metal selected from the Group of metals consisting of the Groups IV-B, V-A, VI-A, VII-A and Group VIII-A metals of the Periodic Table of the Elements and in the presence of iodine. The tin and any other metal may be added directly as the sulfide or as a soluble precursor that will either decompose or be converted to the sulfide. The iodine may be added directly as iodine, hydrogen iodine or as a precursor which will decompose to yield either iodine or hydrogen iodide. The hydroconversion is also accomplished in the presence of hydrogen.

Abstract: An improved liquefaction process for solid carbonaceous materials wherein at least a portion of the liquefaction is accomplished in the presence of an added hydrogenation catalyst and a solvent containing at least 1.25 wt % donatable hydrogen and in the presence of partially liquefied, solid carbonaceous material at liquefaction conditions. In a preferred embodiment, the liquefaction is accomplished in a plurality of stages and a solvent containing at least 1.25 wt % donatable hydrogen is used in at least one stage, most preferably in the second stage. The partially liquefied solid carbonaceous material may be taken from the bottoms fraction of the effluent from any of the liquefaction stages.

Abstract: An improved process for liquefying coal and similar solid carbonaceous materials wherein the liquefaction is accomplished in a plurality of zones or stages and wherein the temperature is increased either linearly or nonlinearly in the first zone or stage, aromatics which are produced, liberated or contained in the solvent are separated after the first zone or stage and the liquefaction is continued in at least one other stage, at a temperature at least as high as the final temperature in the first zone or stage. In a preferred embodiment, the temperature in the first stage will be increased at least 50.degree. F. The improved process results in a higher conversion of carbon contained in the coal or similar solid carbonaceous material to liquid products.

Abstract: Coal or similar liquefiable carbonaceous solids are converted into hydrocarbon liquids by contacting the feed solids with molecular hydrogen in the absence of an added hydrocarbon solvent and in the presence of an added alkali metal compound under liquefaction conditions in one or more liquefaction zones.

Abstract: Coal or similar liquefiable carbonaceous solids are converted into lower molecular weight liquids by contacting the feed solids with molecular hydrogen in the absence of externally added hydrocarbon liquids and in the presence of added hydrogen sulfide under liquefaction conditions in one or more liquefaction zones.

Abstract: Coal or similar liquefiable carbonaceous solids are converted into lower molecular weight liquids by contacting the feed solids with molecular hydrogen in the absence of externally added hydrocarbon liquids under liquefaction conditions during sequential residence in two or more liquefaction zones arranged in series and operated such that the temperature in each zone increases from the first to the final zone. The effluent from each liquefaction zone is passed to the next succeeding higher temperature zone in the series. No hydrocarbon liquids are added to the first zone in the series and the only liquids present in each succeeding zone of the series are the liquids in the effluent from the preceding zone. Liquid hydrocarbonaceous products are recovered from the effluent withdrawn from the last zone.