Abstract: An optical system for measuring a distance to an object furnished with a plane mirror is disclosed. The optical distance measuring system includes a coherent light source projecting a laser beam, optical elements, and a one-dimensional photosensor. The optical elements split the laser beam into two laser beams and spread out the laser beam into a sheet of light whose orientation is perpendicular to a plane created by the propagation directions of the laser beams. The laser beams are reflected by the mirror and back to the photosensor. The photosensor detects incident light intensity distribution of the reflected laser beams with two local maxima, whose position can be employed to calculate the distance of the mirror and its momentary tilt angle.

Abstract: A bogie of a rail vehicle has at least one wheelset with two oppositely situated wheels that are rigidly connected to one another, a wheelset bearing arrangement of the wheelset within the two wheels, a traction motor which directly drives the wheelset, and an aerodynamic paneling enclosure of the bogie. The traction motor is a permanently excited synchronous motor with liquid cooling.

Abstract: In a method for determining 3D coordinates of at least one predetermined point of an object, the object is arranged in a measurement region and a variable illumination source projects a variable pattern onto the object arranged in the measurement region. An image recording apparatus which is arranged in a previously known relationship with respect to the illumination source records an image of at least one section of the object illuminated by the variable illumination source. The at least one predetermined point is detected in the recorded image. The 3D coordinates of the at least one predetermined point are determined from the recorded image, taking into account the previously known relationship of the image recording apparatus with respect to the illumination source, if a check of the recorded image reveals that the at least one predetermined point is marked in the recorded image by a feature of the variable pattern.

Abstract: A device for determining the distance of an eye of a user from the image capturing device is disclosed. The device includes a lighting device that is arranged at a specified position relative to the image capturing device and is designed to generate at least one specular light reflection, which has a linear portion, on the cornea of the eye of the user. The device also includes an image capturing device designed to capture at least one image of the specular light reflection in the region of the cornea of the at least one eye of the user. A distance determining device is designed to ascertain data relating to the distance between two specified points of the light reflection and the curvature of the at least one linear portion of the light reflection in the captured image and the distance of the eye from the image capturing device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aerosol-generating device that is configured for generating an inhalable aerosol by heating an aerosol-forming substrate. The device comprises a device housing for receiving the aerosol-forming substrate and a pyrometer for determining a temperature of a heated target surface within the device housing. The invention further relates to an aerosol-generating system comprising such an aerosol-generating device and an aerosol-generating article for use with the device including an aerosol-forming substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for highly accurate determining of a pupil diameter of an eye, using a camera system for spatial capturing of objects, the method including: imaging stereoscopic capturing of an eye region, wherein for an eye of the eye region a first and a second stereoscopic image arise. For each of the two stereoscopic images the method further includes: Transferring of the captured eye region into a color space. Determining of a region, within the captured eye region, as a region within a pupil of the captured eye region. Determining of a closed outer edge of the region within the pupil. Iterative determining of a closed outer pupil edge. The invention further relates to a corresponding device.

Abstract: An optical system for measuring a distance to an object furnished with a plane mirror is disclosed. The optical distance measuring system includes a coherent light source projecting a laser beam, optical elements, and a one-dimensional photosensor. The optical elements split the laser beam into two laser beams and spread out the laser beam into a sheet of light whose orientation is perpendicular to a plane created by the propagation directions of the laser beams. The laser beams are reflected by the mirror and back to the photosensor. The photosensor detects incident light intensity distribution of the reflected laser beams with two local maxima, whose position can be employed to calculate the distance of the mirror and its momentary tilt angle.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to a monolithic arrangement comprising one or more electrochemically responsive electrodes that are configured to generate a signal relating to a characteristic of a fluid sample; and one or more electronic circuits for processing signals generated by the at least one electrode. Optionally, the monolithic arrangement comprises a plurality of electrodes configured to implement potentiostat and/or galvanostat measurement techniques. Optionally, at least two of the plurality of electrodes have different electrochemical material layers to obtain correspondingly different electrode functionalization.

Abstract: An optical filter system includes a Fabry-Perot interference filter, and a controller that controls the Fabry-Perot interference filter. The Fabry-Perot interference filter includes a first mirror portion, a second mirror portion, a first driving electrode and a first monitor electrode provided with the first mirror portion, and a second driving electrode and a second monitor electrode provided with the second mirror portion. The controller includes a control unit that calculates an electrostatic capacitance between the first mirror portion and the second mirror portion based on an alternating voltage generated between the first monitor electrode and the second monitor electrode while an alternating current is applied between the first monitor electrode and the second monitor electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for highly accurate determining of a pupil diameter of an eye, using a camera system for spatial capturing of objects, the method including: imaging stereoscopic capturing of an eye region, wherein for an eye of the eye region a first and a second stereoscopic image arise. For each of the two stereoscopic images the method further includes: Transferring of the captured eye region into a color space. Determining of a region, within the captured eye region, as a region within a pupil of the captured eye region. Determining of a closed outer edge of the region within the pupil. Iterative determining of a closed outer pupil edge. The invention further relates to a corresponding device.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining optical parameters of a user with spectacles arranged in the use position on the head of the user includes at least one projection device designed and arranged for marking a partial region of the head of the user and/or of the spectacles of the user with a light projection; at least one image recording device designed and arranged for generating image data at least from the marked partial region of the head of the user and/or of the spectacles of the user; and a data processing device with a user data determining device, which is designed to determine user data from the marked partial region of the head and/or of the spectacles on the basis of the generated image data, wherein the user data comprise spatial information in the three-dimensional space of points of the partial region of the head and/or of the spectacles, and a parameter determining device, which is designed to determine optical parameters of the user on the basis of the user data.

Abstract: In a method for providing optotypes for determining distance visual acuity, a test subject position is provided for a test subject and a display surface at a display position. An individual test distance between the test subject position and the display position is, for example, detected automatically. An individual target variable is determined for optotypes which are matched to the detected individual test distance according to a predetermined role. Digital optotype image data are provided which contain optotypes scaled to the individual target variable. The digital optotype image data are displayed on the display surface.

Abstract: A sensor for electrically measuring a force distributed unevenly across a measurement surface of the sensor includes a spring device between a measurement surface and a counter-surface. A first measuring element is arranged in or on the measurement surface and a second measuring element is arranged in or on the counter-surface, the elements substantially completely covering these surfaces in each case. The measuring elements include capacitor plates, and are designed such that the measuring signal can be generated from a distance between the measuring elements. The spring device has a large number of elastically designed spring members which are arranged spaced apart from each other by gaps so that each spring member upon loading by the force can deform into the gaps. This arrangement makes it is possible to measure unevenly distributed forces between bodies which may be of very different forms.

Abstract: Adjustment of an eyeglass lens or a pair of eyeglasses by means of an individual brightness-dependent centering of an eyeglass lens. In particular, a method for adjusting an individual eyeglass lens for at least one eye of an eyeglass wearer, including: defining an individual usage situation which comprises at least one target brightness value for the light to be captured by the at least one eye; determining a position of the pupil in at least one direction of view of the at least one eye which occurs or is expected at the at least one target brightness value; determining a reference point of the eyeglass lens, in which the eyeglass lens effects a required correction of individual refraction data for the at least one direction of view; on the basis of the determined individual value of the pupil position, providing and arranging the eyeglass lens in such a manner that the at least one reference point of the eyeglass lens is arranged in front of the at least one eye of the eyeglass wearer.

Abstract: A method of determining of user data for the production of an eyeglass lens for a selected eyeglass frame for a user. The method includes providing an eyeglass frame image data set of the selected eyeglass frame; gathering user image data at least of one portion of the user's head, together with at least one part of the selected eyeglass frame worn by the user; finding the pupils of the user in the user image data, and determining a pupil data set, said pupil data set comprising the size and/or the shape and/or the relative distance between the pupils of the user; and determining contour points of the rim of the eyeglass lens to be produced in the user image data, based on the eyeglass frame image data set and the pupil data set.

Abstract: A light receiver designed to determine a position or orientation relative to a reference light wherein the light receiver comprises an elongated rod-shaped light receptor with two ends, a light coupler, a light guide, and light detection means at both ends and a signal processor to process the electric signals of the detection means and to determine the relative position and/or orientation by a comparative evaluation of the electric signals. The light guide serves as a light propagation path of defined length for light coupled into the light guide by the light coupler and the signal processor determines the position and/or orientation based on light propagation speed of the reference light propagating in the light guide.

Abstract: A light receiver designed to determine a position or orientation relative to a reference light wherein the light receiver comprises an elongated rod-shaped light receptor with two ends, a light coupler, a light guide, and light detection means at one or both ends for detection of guided reference light and a signal processor to process the at least one detection signal of the detection means and to determine the position by an evaluation of the detection signal. The light coupler comprises light absorbing and emitting material like fluorescent or phosphorescent material.

Abstract: A photosensor for the detection of infrared radiation in the wavelength range of 1 to 1000 micrometers consists of a semiconductor substrate with a highly doped interaction volume for the incoming radiation. At the edge of this highly doped region, an extended gate electrode is placed consisting of a conducting material on top of an insulating layer. On the other side of the gate electrode, another highly doped semiconductor region is placed, acting as a charge collector. Through free carrier absorption in the interaction volume, incoming photons impart their energy on mobile charge carriers. In the case of free electrons, the gate electrode is biased slightly below the reset voltage of the interaction volume, so that the electrons carrying the additional energy of the absorbed photons can predominantly make the transition from the interaction volume across the gate electrode area to the charge collector volume.

Abstract: A chassis for rail vehicles, particularly with inside-supported wheelsets, wherein the drive unit is elastically supported transversely to the travel direction via spring devices within the chassis frame, where the vibrational behavior is optimized and the space available for the drive unit is enlarged because the spring devices are supported directly on the housing of the bearing of the wheelset.

Abstract: A sensor for electrically measuring a force acting on the sensor, which force is distributed unevenly across a measurement surface (10) of the sensor, wherein an electrical force measurement signal is generated, is set forth. An areally formed spring device (20) is provided between the measurement surface (10) and a counter-surface (11). A first measuring element is arranged in or on the measurement surface (10) and a second measuring element is arranged in or on the counter-surface (11), the elements substantially completely covering these surfaces in each case. The measuring elements, e.g. capacitor plates, are designed such that the measuring signal can be generated from a distance between the measuring elements.