Abstract: An apparatus for mitigation of packet delay variation, PDV, in a packet-based network, comprising an ingress port to receive event messages, each message being timestamped with a local ingress timestamp at the instant of reception of the message using a local internal clock; an extraction unit to extract a timestamp embedded in the received message; a computation unit to calculate a time offset between the extracted embedded timestamp and the local ingress timestamp of the received event message to record the calculated time offset as a maximum observed delay, if the calculated time offset exceeds a previously recorded maximum observed delay, the computation unit adjusting an internal transmission delay time before onward transmission of the event message from an egress port depending on a time difference between recorded maximum observed delay and calculated time offset of the event message to minimize the packet delay variation, PDV, at the egress port.

Abstract: An apparatus for mitigation of packet delay variation, PDV, in a packet-based network, comprising an ingress port to receive event messages, each message being timestamped with a local ingress timestamp at the instant of reception of the message using a local internal clock; an extraction unit to extract a timestamp embedded in the received message; a computation unit to calculate a time offset between the extracted embedded timestamp and the local ingress timestamp of the received event message to record the calculated time offset as a maximum observed delay, if the calculated time offset exceeds a previously recorded maximum observed delay, the computation unit adjusting an internal transmission delay time before onward transmission of the event message from an egress port depending on a time difference between recorded maximum observed delay and calculated time offset of the event message to minimize the packet delay variation, PDV, at the egress port.

Abstract: A process is claimed for preparing [1S(1(.alpha., 2.beta., 4.beta.)]-4-amino-2-hydroxymethyl -1-cyclopentanol from cis-4-((R)-benzoylamino)-2-cyclopentenecarboxylic acid, methyl ester in five steps. The invention also describes a number of novel intermediates useful in the synthesis of [1S(1.alpha., 2.beta.,4.beta.)]-4-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1-cyclopentanol.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of aryl .alpha.-keto acids in which the corresponding methyl ketone or aldehyde is oxidized in aqueous solution with an inorganic nitrite salt and hydrochloric or sulfuric acid.

Abstract: Process for preparing 9 .alpha.-hydroxy-11 .beta.-nitro-oxysteroids having a aromatic ring A wherein an aromatic A-ring-containing 9, 11-unsubstituted steroid or corresponding 9,11-dehydrosteroid is oxidized with ceric ions in the presence of nitrate ions.