Abstract: A volumetric heating device for beverage preparation machines, along with a beverage preparation machine containing same, are disclosed, along with methods of producing and using same.

Abstract: The invention provides a volumetric heating device for beverage preparation machines, comprising an emission source designed for emitting electromagnetic radiation and to transfer the energy to a liquid at least partially surrounding the emission source, a liquid conduct, and an isolation means essentially transparent to the electromagnetic radiation in the emitted spectrum, and designed to electrically isolate the emission source from the liquid.

Abstract: An addressing device has a supply wire (1), an addressing wire (9), an information wire (2) and a reference wire (3) that connect to a multitude of addressable units (28). The address wire is connected to voltage references (16) of low output impedance (17). If a current signal is drawn through the address wire (9), the current originates from the addressable unit that is located next to the control unit (26) that has not yet been addressed. The current signal is used to address the unit. Once this addressing cycle is accomplished, the addressable unit (28) disconnects, and the following addressing action is received by the next addressable unit.

Abstract: An addressing device has an address generator (43), data wire (1), combined address and a supply wire (2) and ground wire (3) that form a cable (1,2,3). This cable (1,2,3) connects to multiple addressable units (14), containing switching means (13), that are connected to the data wire (1). Every addressable unit (14) comprises an address detector (12), which controls the switching means (8,13). The address generator (43) will issue a standardized signal, that will change a parameter by the influence of an impedance member (7) together with the cable length, so that after the commutation of the first switching means (8) and the information transfer via a second switching means (13), the same standardized signal can be used to select the addressable unit of the next cell.

Abstract: The length of film frames on successive roll films which form an elongated strip of randomly alternating roll films with shorter and longer film frames is ascertained by advancing the strip stepwise past a photoelectronic monitoring device which generates signals denoting the light transmissivity of successive increments of the strip. Signals denoting the leaders of successive film frames are stored in a sample-and-hold circuit which replaces the stored signals with signals of greater intensity when the signals of greater intensity are generated during transport of a length of strip corresponding to the length of a longer film frame. This denotes that the corresponding roll film contains shorter film frames.

Abstract: A photographic or cinematographic camera, in particular with a pancratic (zoom) objective lens and a comparator for comparison of the desired setting e.g. of the near point (punctum proximum) and of the far point (punctum remotum) of a camera space and of the actual setting e.g. of the depth of focus, the desired setting being adjusted by means of presetters, the actual setting resulting from the actual setpoints of the objective lens, such as range, diaphragm and under circumstances focal length, the comparator being formed preferably by an electrical linkage device, whereby upon differences between the desired setting and the actual setting, a signal can be released, which signal can be fed to an indicator device, and respectively, or to a control device. A memory device is provided in which all setpoints (which are necessary for a plurality of settings) and/or limit values of objective lens settings are stored in several memory sections which are associated with different desired value ranges.

Abstract: An optical objective of variable focal length comprises a varifocal front lens group consisting of at least four components of alternating refractivity, namely a stationary negative first component, a movable positive second component, a movable negative third component and a movable positive fourth component. The second component is linearly displaceable, over the entire varifocal range, between a wide-angle position and a telephoto position. The third component remains stationary over several subranges (.beta.), during which the image plane of the objective passes once or twice through a zero position, but moves parallel to the second component in intervening range segments (.gamma.). The fourth component moves parallel to the second component over the whole range except in two terminal zones (.alpha.) at the wide-angle and telephoto ends. A reversal of the image-plane excursion occurs in each of the terminal and intervening range portions (.alpha., .gamma.), yielding additional zero positions.