Abstract: Improved bonded properties of dry-laminated flexible film substrates, for instance laminates comprising films of thermoplastics such as polyolefins, polyesters, and polyamides, as well as paper, cellophane, and metals, particularly after exposure to boiling water, are obtained with polyurethane dispersion adhesives when a plural aziridine or carbodiimide compound, or a mixture of a plural epoxy compound with a plural aziridine or carbodiimide compound, is employed as the crosslinker for the adhesive system.

Abstract: Aqueous polyurethane dispersions used in adhesives for manufacturing laminate structures are provided with improved dispersion properties, which provide improved shelf-life stability of the dispersion and greater transparency and handling characteristics in application machinery for adhesives formulated therefrom, when a tertiary amine is present during an initial polyurethane prepolymer reaction between an isocyanate and a polyol component having acid functional groups. The initial reaction is carried out prior to formation of the dispersion in water.

Abstract: The invention refers to a method for the reduction of the sag and/or of the different stress profile of a flattened tubular film web produced by a blown film process and made of thermo-plastic synthetic resin, transversely to its longitudinal direction. For the solution of the problem to provide a method according to which the sag and/or the different states of tension transversely to the tubular film web can be easily reduced or eliminated to a maximum degree, the tubular film web is heated along its width and then cooled and/or stretched. Furthermore, the invention refers to an apparatus for carrying out the method.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for controlling the flow of air for external cooling of a tubular film issuing from an extruder head. To ensure that the flow of the air for external cooling to the point at which the tubular film begins to expand can be controlled regardless of the distance from that point to the extruder head, flow-directing flaps are evenly distributed around the tubular film and are displaceable along the tubular film.

Abstract: A stacker for sheets, e.g. of cardboard or paper, is equipped with a device for inserting Marker strips or tabs within the stack to indicate predetermined numbers of sheets therein, e.g. for identification of reams. The inserter has a rigid channel Mounted on a frame moveable on a traverse transverse to the direction of sheet feed and the channel at its outlet is rigidly connected to a tongue having a substantially horizontal underside and moved with the outlet of the channel in a rectangular pattern with only vertical and horizontal path segments so that the tongue can be withdrawn from the stack without changing its orientation horizontally after a strip has been inserted into the gap formed by the tongue in the stack and alongside the tongue.

Abstract: To determine and/or automatically control the degree of orientation of tubular films which have been made in a film-blowing plant including an extruder having a film-blowing head and apparatus for internal cooling and also including flattening and take-off apparatus, the rate of exchange of the air for internal cooling, the speed of the extruder, the temperature of the plastic composition being extruded and/or the take-off velocity are controlled. To ensure that the degree of orientation can be determined and/or automatically controlled in a simple manner and without an occurrence of trouble, that shape of the flaring portion of the bubble which corresponds to the desired degree of orientation is determined and/or adjusted and is recorded as the desired shape of the bubble. The actual shape of the flaring portion of the bubble is detected and compared with and adapted to the desired shape.

Abstract: A moveable skid is provided to sense the height of a pallet fed to a raisable and lowerable platform. The skid determines the height of the pallet before it is fed to a raisable and lowerable platform of a sheet stacking apparatus so that the position of the pallet below an intermediate stacking platform can be determined during the pallet change. This prevents adverse effects by nondetrimental projections above the surface of the pallet and prevents an excessive drop of the intermediate stack as it is transferred to the pallet.

Abstract: A filter for aquarium has a housing having a bottom chamber and at least one filter compartment for a filter material located above the bottom chamber, a supply arranged so that water is supplied from above so as to pass the filter compartment and float to the bottom chamber, a pump for pumping water from the bottom chamber back into the aquarium, so that the filter operates as alternating lifting-lowering filter. Each of the filter compartments has at least one overflow aspiration lifting device with an inlet located at a base side and substantially at a height of a bottom of the filter compartment and an outlet which opens downwardly toward a next one of the filter compartments.

Abstract: In symmetrically blocking thyristors and in diodes, a lowering of the storage charge at the anode side is desirable in some applications. This is achieved by shorts lying in the emitter zone of the anode side. These shorts are formed between zones of a first conductivity type embedded in the emitter zone and zones of a second conductivity type. The zones of the second conductivity type are deeper than those of the first conductivity type and partially overlap the zones of the first conductivity type. Given low current density, these shorts are ineffective; however, they are effective at high current densities. Shorts of this type can also be used at the cathode side in specific diodes that are to be utilized as free-wheeling diodes for GTO thyristors, and can also be employed in asymmetrical GTO thyristors at the anode side.

Abstract: To avoid punch-through breakdown in conventional thyristors in off-state condition, the central zone (1) must be made so thick that at nominal off-state voltage a sufficient distance remains between the space charge region and the opposite pn junction. Contact regions are provided in the invention for drawing off the charge carriers produced during an off-state load condition. These contacts are disposed on the anode and cathode side at the central zone in the vicinity of the anode-side emitter zone (2) and the cathode-side base zone (3). As a result, the space charge region is allowed to be moved closer to the pn junction without the occurrence of a punch-through breakdown.

Abstract: In order to improve the dynamic properties of thyristors, it can be desire to lower the storage charge in the proximity of the emitter. This can be achieved in that the emitter efficiency is deteriorated by shorts given high currrent density. At the cathode side, the shorts are constructed such that highly-doped short-circuit regions are arranged in the emitter zone. The short-circuit regions are overlapped by intermediate regions that have the same type of conductivity as that of the emitter zone. That area not overlapped is significantly smaller than the area of the short-circuit region. The short-circuiting area is therefore small given low current density and is large given high current density. Similar shorts can also be employed at the anode side.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a spray chamber having a transport device for positioning a billet adjacent a nozzle for spraying a stream of molten metal onto the surface of the billet. The billet is engaged by a tandem arrangement of holding devices which are attached to driven ring gears. With the holding devices engaging the billet rotation of the ring gears rotates the billet about its longitudinal axis as the billet is sprayed with molten metal from the nozzle. As the billet is rotated it is also moved longitudinally by servo-cylinders attached to the ring gears. The servo-cylinders advance and retract in sequence as the ring gears rotate to generate combined longitudinal and rotational movement of the billet adjacent the nozzle. Thus a uniform layer of metal is deposited over length of the billet to form a round billet exclusively by spray-casting.

Abstract: A horizontal continuous casting apparatus for metals, particularly steel, having a supply container in the metal outlet opening of which there is arranged a nozzle brick against which a separation ring rests in sealing manner, and having a continuous casting mold which is connected to the supply container and rests with the edge sides of its side walls in sealing manner against the separation ring. A reliable changing of the passage cross-section of the mold before, during and after the casting is possible in a structurally simple manner. The passage cross-section (A) of the continuous casting mold (30) is adjusted and displacement elements (40) are provided by means of which the position of the side walls (31 to 34) of the continuous casting mold (30) is adjusted. At least one side wall (31 to 34) is moveable parallel and transverse to the center line I of the outlet opening 11.

Abstract: A process for making a thyristor device protected against breakover firing is to generate in the semiconductor body (1) of the thyristor an area (A) which has a lower breakdown voltage than the rest of the semiconductor body. This area is protected by suitable measures when the thyristor is overloaded. The invention features a process in which the area (A) of the semiconductor body (1) is irradiated locally with protons, with the proton energy being measured in such a manner that the maximum of the defect density and doping generated by the proton irradiation lies between the PN junction (15) of the first base region (9) and the second base region (10) and the half thickness of the second base region (10), and the semiconductor body (1) is subsequently heat-treated.

Abstract: A thyristor protected against breakover firing is disclosed which has a region which, in comparison to the remaining semiconductor body, has a lower breakdown voltage. This region is provided with an auxiliary electrode and is separated from the remaining semiconductor body by a trench. Upon onset of the avalanche breakdown in the blocking direction, a voltage greater by 0.5 V, compared to the first emitter electrode, can build up at the auxiliary electrode without the thyristor firing. The auxiliary electrode is connected via a resistor with the first emitter electrode of the thyristor. In addition, between the auxiliary electrode and the control electrode a breakover element is interconnected which conducts at a given voltage drop across the resistor and initiates the firing process of the thyristor.

Abstract: In a process for casting metal strip, in particular steel strip, the liquid metal is discharged from a casting nozzle which has the same width as the strip onto a continuously moving, cooled conveyor belt, and the plane of the nozzle mouth is set for the thickness of the metal strip to be cast, i.e. at an acute angle to the plane of the conveyor belt. To maintain the casting speed at the nozzle mouth on the conveyor belt, i.e. to prevent shearing forces of the flow layers and thus a speed profile with negative components, the invention proposes that with a conveyor belt running at an inclination to the horizontal in the casting direction, the inclination of the conveyor belt in the casting direction is set as a function of the casting speed, which should be equal to the conveyor belt speed, and as a function of the material parameters of the liquid metal.

Abstract: Light controllable thyristors in which the sensitivity to light of the thyristors has been increased by increasing the emitter shunt resistance for the auxiliary thyristor coupling to small area optical light guides. The shunt resistance is increased by providing one or more grooves in the base region between the light sensitive thyristor and the main power thyristor which provides that the control current must pass through a circuitous path toward lower regions of the base layer and, thus, increase the shunt resistance.

Abstract: A thyristor having a semiconductor body with an emitter zone and a base zone formed thereon, an emitter electrode seated on the emitter zone, and a base electrode seated on the base zone, the emitter electrode being formed with a recess, includes a base emitter p-n junction disposed within the recess and adjoining a surface of the semiconductor body, a gate electrode seated on the base zone and an ohmic resistance integrated in the semiconductor body between the emitter electrode and the gate electrode, the p-n junction being locally bridged by one of the gate and emitter electrodes, the ohmic resistance having a value adjustable in accordance with a removal of a part of at least one of the gate and emitter electrodes.

Abstract: Molten metal is sprayed onto a rotational mandrel which oscillates axially and an axial translatory extraction motion is superimposed for removing the built-up hollow from the mandrel.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously casting metal for obtaining a substantially flat casting includes a vessel having a bottom opening defined by side walls and by a rear wall and a tiltable front wall, the rear and front walls ending at different levels so that the bottom opening has a horizontal as well as a vertical component; a planar metal, endless belt is disposed underneath the opening and defines a casting gap together with the front wall, the more downwardly extending rear wall in conjunction with that casting gap deflects casting material from a down flow directly into the horizontal; a meniscus seals the rear wall against the belt; the belt is spray cooled from below.