Abstract: In an apparatus and method for determining the cetane number of a fuel by combustion of a sample in a constant volume combustion chamber filled with compressed air into which the fuel is injected via a temperature controlled injection nozzle, wherein means are provided for sensing the pressure in the combustion chamber and recording it for determining the cetane number therefrom, an automated sample supplier is provided adapted to accommodate a plurality of fuel samples and including means for selectively connecting a pump to a particular sample and pressurizing it for injection into the combustion chamber and means for heating the combustion chamber and means for cooling the injector nozzle are provided for maintaining these devices at desired temperatures.

Abstract: In an apparatus and method for determining the cetane number of a fuel by combustion of a sample in a constant volume combustion chamber filled with compressed air into which the fuel is injected via a temperature controlled injection nozzle, wherein means are provided for sensing the pressure in the combustion chamber and recording it for determining the cetane number therefrom, an automated sample supplier is provided adapted to accommodate a plurality of fuel samples and including means for selectively connecting a pump to a particular sample and pressurizing it for injection into the combustion chamber and means for heating the combustion chamber and means for cooling the injector nozzle are provided for maintaining these devices at desired temperatures.

Abstract: Polyarylene ethers that contain xanthone units and have a very high heat resistance can be prepared from inexpensive, readily accessible monomers by polycondensation in a basic medium under essentially anhydrous conditions in the presence or absence of an aromatic solvent at temperatures of from 150.degree. to 400.degree. C. Xanthone monomers and also hydroxyhalogen-substituted benzophenone compounds may be used as starting materials.

Abstract: Amphiphilic copolymers containing silanyl groups and composed of derivatives of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid are described, which copolymers are suitable for the production of layer elements by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Layer elements of this type can be used for optical waveguide systems and for the production of optical filters and for lithographic purposes.

Abstract: A silylated polymeric binder, which is soluble or swellable in alkali, bears a plurality of at least one of aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyl groups, at least a portion of which are derivatized by units of the formulae I and II:[(A--B.sub.n).sub.m C]--[(D.sub.o E.sub.p)BC].sub.u (I)and[(D.sub.o E.sub.p)BC].sub.v (II)which are side chains of the polymeric binder, whereinA denotes a silanyl group containing at least 2 silicon atoms in total linked to each other, but not more than 3 silicon atoms linked to each other in an unbranched chain of silicon atoms;B denotes a bridging group;C denotes a functional group which has formed a covalent bond with an aromatic, aliphatic, or cycloaliphatic hydroxyl group of the binder, the group D, or the group E;D denotes a grafted monohydric or polyhydric aliphatic alcohol;E denotes a grafted monohydric or polyhydric aromatic alcohol;n denotes 0 or 1;m denotes 1 or 2; ando, p, u and v each denote 0 or 1.

Abstract: A positively operating radiation-sensitive mixture comprising a binder which is insoluble in water but soluble or at least swellable in aqueous alkaline solution, and as a photoactive component a polyfunctional .alpha.-diazo-.beta.-keto ester of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 denotes an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or araliphatic or aromatic radical having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, in which individual CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced by oxygen or sulfur atoms or by ##STR2## or NH groups and/or contain keto groups, X denotes an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic or araliphatic radical having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, in which individual CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced by oxygen or sulfur atoms or by the groups --NR.sup.2 --, --C(O)--O--, --C(O)--NR.sup.2 --, --C(O)-- ##STR3## --NR.sup.2 --C(O)--NR.sup.3 --, --O--C(O)--NR.sup.2 --, --C(O)-- ##STR4## or --O--C(O)--O--, or CH groups can be replaced by ##STR5## in which R.sup.2 and R.sup.

Abstract: A silylation reagent is useful for preparing binders which are soluble in aqueous alkali and contain silanyl groups in the side chain, comprises a compound having the formula I(A-B.sub.n).sub.m C (I)whereinA denotes a silanyl group containing at least 2 silicon atoms in total linked to each other, but not more than 3 silicon atoms linked to each other in an unbranched chain of silicon atoms;B denotes a bridging group;C denotes a functional group which is capable of forming a covalent bond with an aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydroxyl group;n denotes 0 or 1; andm denotes 1 or 2.Binders prepared with the silylation reagents described are soluble in aqueous alkali and exhibit a high resistance to plasma etching and a high storage stability, and are resistant to rediation with a wavelength of greater than 300 nm.

Abstract: A silylated polymeric binder, which is soluble or swellable in alkali, bears a plurality of at least one of aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyl groups, at least a portion of which are derivatized by units of the formula I and II:[(A-B.sub.n).sub.m C]--[(D.sub.o E.sub.p)BC].sub.u (I)and[(D.sub.o E.sub.p)BC].sub.v (II)which are side chains of the polymeric binder, whereinA denotes a silanyl group containing at least 2 silicon atoms in total linked to each other, but not more than 3 silicon atoms linked to each other in an unbranched chain or silicon atoms;B denotes a bridging group;C denotes a functional group which has formed a covalent bond with an aromatic, aliphatic, or cycloaliphatic hydroxyl group of the binder, the group D, or the group E;D denotes a grafted monohydric or polyhydric aliphatic alcohol;E denotes a grafted monohydric or polyhydric aromatic alcohol;n denotes 0 or 1;m denotes 1 or 2; and o, p, u and v each denote 0 or 1.

Abstract: Polyfunctional .alpha.-diazo-.beta.-keto esters of the general formula I are described ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 denotes an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or araliphatic or aromatic radical having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, in which individual CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced by oxygen or sulfur atoms or by N-- or NH groups and/or contain keto groups,X denotes an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, carbocyclic, heterocyclic or araliphatic radical having 2 to 22 carbon atoms, in which individual CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced by oxygen or sulfur atoms or by the groups ##STR2## in which R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently of one another represent hydrogen or an aliphatic, carbocyclic or araliphatic radical,m denotes an integer from 2 to 10 andn denotes an integer from 0 to 2,whereinm-n is .gtoreq.2.The compounds mentioned are used as photoactive components in radiation-sensitive mixtures.